{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T22:44:28Z","timestamp":1780094668662,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M1A3B9096777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M1A3B9096777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate performance prediction methods are essential for the development of high\u2010efficiency Hall effect ion sources, which are employed in industries ranging from material surface treatment to spacecraft electric propulsion (known as Hall thrusters). Traditional methods rely on simplified scaling laws and computationally intensive numerical simulations. Herein, a robust machine learning model is introduced that uses a neural network ensemble to predict the performance of Hall effect ion sources based on design parameters such as discharge channel dimensions and magnetic field structure. The neural networks are trained using 18\u2009000 data points generated from numerical simulations with input powers ranging from sub\u2010kW\u2010 to kW\u2010class. The accuracy of the developed machine learning model is demonstrated using untrained 700\u2009W\u2010 and 1\u2009kW\u2010class Hall effect ion sources, producing results with deviations of less than 10% compared to the experimentally measured thrust and discharge current, thus surpassing the accuracy of conventional scaling laws. As a high\u2010fidelity surrogate for numerical simulations, the proposed prediction tool provides high prediction accuracy and calculation speed, offering an excellent complement to conventional scaling laws and enhancing the understanding of Hall effect ion source performance characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T22:59:51Z","timestamp":1735167591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Predicting Performance of Hall Effect Ion Source Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5722-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaehong","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Space Exploration Engineering Program Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5908-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guentae","family":"Doh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Research Directorate Korea Aerospace Research Institute  169\u201084 Gwahak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34133 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7231-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7954-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Space Exploration Engineering Program Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-277X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changmin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2331-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su\u2010Jin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Autonomy Technology Center Agency for Defense Development  Daejeon 34186 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4123-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young\u2010Chul","family":"Ghim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonho","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Space Exploration Engineering Program Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology  291 Daehak\u2010ro Yuseong\u2010gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2012.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2005.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.159456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2005.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04015-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4972269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.151452"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.03.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0010134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"D. Y.Oh S.Collins D.Goebel B.Hart G.Lantoine S.Snyder G.Whiffen L.Elkins\u2010Tanton P.Lord Z.Pirkl L.Rotlisburger presented at35th Int. Electric Propulsion Conf. (IEPC\u20102017\u2010153) Atlanta GA2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/25\/3\/033002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/a67b1a1c-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"J.Simmonds R.Hofer S.Firdosy T.Daimaru E.Smith S.Roberts T.Wexler R.Dillon D.Goebel presented at38th Int. Electric Propulsion Conf. (IEPC\u20102024\u2010257) Toulouse France2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.48382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.B37424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4862313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4862314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2019.2935473"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4879896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"L. L.Su P. J.Roberts T.Gill W.Hurley T. A.Marks C. L.Sercel M.Allen C. B.Whittaker M.Byrne Z.Brown E.Viges B.Jorns presented atAIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum (AIAA 2023\u20100842) National Harbor MD2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.368529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2219165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ad066f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"J. M.Fife PhD Dissertation Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"R.Hofer I.Katz D.Goebel K.Jameson R.Sullivan L.Johnson I.Mikellides presented at44th AIAA\/ASME\/SAE\/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. (AIAA 2008\u20104924) Hartford CT2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2172191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1611881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5017033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.102.023202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0045984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/aae63b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0171824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5023482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ab46c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"W.Villafana G.Fubiani L.Garrigues G.Vigot B.Cuenot O.Vermorel presented at37th Int. Electric Propulsion Conf. (IEPC\u20102022\u2010375) Cambridge MA2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4885343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab555f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5085780"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/aae472"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"B.Jorns T. A.Marks E. T.Dale presentedat AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2020 Forum (AIAA 2020\u20103622) VIRTUAL EVENT2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/accd18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad6d29"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac6444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ad0911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","unstructured":"J.Park D.Lee G.Doh Y.Kim W.Choe presented at37th Int. Electric Propulsion Conf. (IEPC\u20102022\u2010335) Cambridge MA2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"H.Fuchigami Y.Egawa T.Morita N.Yamamoto presented at35th Int. Electric Propulsion Conf. (IEPC\u20102017\u2010453) Atlanta GA2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.B38592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00098-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","first-page":"6402","volume":"30","author":"Lakshminarayanan B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/2.5274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/45\/18\/185203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02551274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2401773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/abd3b6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470436448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-021-05946-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10562-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"S.Fort H.Hu B.Lakshminarayanan(Preprint) arXiv:1912.02757 [stat.ML] v1 Submitted: Dec. 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","unstructured":"F. K.Gustafsson M.Danelljan T. B.Schon presented at 2020IEEE\/CVF Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops Seattle WA2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","unstructured":"Y.Ovadia E.Fertig J.Ren Z.Nado D.Sculley S.Nowozin J. V.Dillon B.Lakshminarayanan J.Snoek(Preprint) arXiv:1906.02530 [stat.ML] v1 Submitted: Jun. 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","unstructured":"S.Lee S.Purushwalkam M.Cogswell D.Crandall D.Batra(Preprint) arXiv:1511.06314 [cs.CV] v1 Submitted: Nov. 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.58871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/abdf19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","unstructured":"W.Choe J.Lee M.Seo J.Seon E.Jeon H. K.Cho S. H.Rhee W. H.Cha presented at60th Int. Astronautical Congress (IAC\u201009.C4.4.1) Daejeon Republic of Korea2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","first-page":"834","volume":"38","author":"Cho H.\u2010K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","unstructured":"M.\u2010H.Seo PhD Dissertation Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4897948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6108\/KSPE.2021.25.5.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","unstructured":"J. M.Haas PhD Dissetation University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5122290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","unstructured":"R. R.Hofer P. Y.Peterson A. D.Gallimore presented at27th Int. Electric Propulsion Conf. (IEPC\u20102001\u2010045) Pasadena CA2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","unstructured":"I. G.Mikellides presented at49th AIAA\/ASME\/SAE\/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. (AIAA 2013\u20103885) San Jose CA2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.B37702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44205-022-00016-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429439780"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","volume-title":"Volume Ion Production Costs in Tenuous Plasmas: A General Atom Theory and Detailed Results for Helium, Argon, and Cesium","author":"Dugan J. V.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","unstructured":"J. W.Koo PhD Dissertation University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/2.5832"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","unstructured":"I. J.Goodfellow J.Shlens C.Szegedy(Preprint) arXiv:1412.6572 [stat.ML] v1 Submitted: Dec. 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1992.4.3.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.Dan Foresee M. T.Hagan inProc. Int. Conf. on Neural Networks (ICNN'97) Vol.3 Houston TX1997 pp.1930\u20131935.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1997.614194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0066974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac5773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3643435"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202400555","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T19:58:34Z","timestamp":1759867114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202400555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202400555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202400555","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2400555"}}