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We proposed a variational autoencoder (VAE) approach to enhance spectral quality, coupled with a deep learning algorithm long short\u2010term memory (LSTM) neural network to analyze SERS spectra produced by vaginal secretions. The performance of various machine learning (ML) algorithms is assessed using multiple evaluation metrics. Finally, the reliability of the optimal model is tested using blind test data (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910\/group for each cleanliness level). The data quality of the SERS fingerprints of four types of vaginal secretions is significantly improved after VAE decoding and reconstruction. The signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio of the generated spectra increased from the original 2.58\u201311.13. Among all algorithms, the VAE\u2013LSTM algorithm demonstrates the best prediction ability and time efficiency. Additionally, blind test datasets yielded an overall accuracy of 85%. In this study, it is concluded that the deep\u2010learning\u2010guided SERS technique holds significant potential in rapidly distinguishing between different levels of vaginal cleanliness through human vaginal secretion samples. This contributes to the efficient diagnosis of vaginal cleanliness levels in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T03:20:44Z","timestamp":1730085644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface\u2010Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep\u2010Learning Variational Autoencoder\u2013Long Short\u2010Term Memory Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jia\u2010Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin\u2010Ru","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China"},{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering Xuzhou Medical University  Xuzhou Jiangsu 221000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun\u2010Hui","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering Xuzhou Medical University  Xuzhou Jiangsu 221000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China"},{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering Xuzhou Medical University  Xuzhou Jiangsu 221000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5339-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China"},{"name":"School of Medical Informatics and Engineering Xuzhou Medical University  Xuzhou Jiangsu 221000 China"},{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia 6907 Australia"},{"name":"The Center for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences Edith Cowan University  Joondalup Western Australia 6027 Australia"},{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"113","volume":"40","author":"Wang H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. 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