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However, the efficiency of CIM systems is often curtailed by the substantial overhead that is caused by traditional complementary metal\u2010oxide\u2010semiconductor (CMOS)\u2010based analog\u2010to\u2010digital converters (ADCs). Here, we report an in\u2010memory ADC (IMADC) that leverages NVMs to perform the dual functionalities of reference generation and voltage comparison, effectively minimizing the area occupancy and energy consumption, is reported. The IMADC not only significantly outperforms traditional ADCs but also enables the inherent processing of nonlinear activation functions such as the sigmoid function, which is required for neural networks. The IMADC\u2010based CIM system achieves software\u2010comparable accuracy in CIFAR\u201010 image classification on the VGG\u20109 network. The IMADC exhibits significantly reduced area occupancy (45\u2009\u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and energy consumption (29.6\u2009fJ) compared to conventional CMOS\u2010based ADCs. The IMADC, compatible with various types of NVMs, demonstrates significant potential for enhancing the efficiency of CIM systems in terms of area occupancy and energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T17:34:22Z","timestamp":1732469662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multifunctional In\u2010Memory Analog\u2010to\u2010Digital Converter for Next\u2010Gen Compute\u2010in\u2010Memory Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jiseong","family":"Im","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonghyun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jangsaeng","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonjun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Convergence Engineering Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryun\u2010Han","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minkyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae\u2010Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong\u2010Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inter\u2010University Semiconductor Research Center College of Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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