{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:58:42Z","timestamp":1764251922345,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["450821862","405553726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["450821862","405553726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Monarch butterflies\u2019 remarkable migratory abilities, facilitated by their efficient wing structures, inspire the development of bioinspired soft robots and microaerial vehicles. This study presents the design, fabrication, and wing\u2010morphing behavior of 3D\u2010printed magnetic butterflies, focusing on optimal material and design parameters to replicate monarch wing\u2010morphing behavior. Using composite of thermoplastic polyurethane and micron\u2010sized Nd<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Fe<jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>B magnetic powder, 12 unique butterfly designs\u2014varying in size, vein patterns, and stiffness\u2014are fabricated via powder bed fusion (PBF) 3D printing, resulting in 84 specimens. Lightweight and batch\u2010producible with minimal postprocessing, the specimens have weights per unit area of \u2248270, 480, and 1045\u2009g\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> for small, medium, and large sizes, respectively. A permanent magnet induces deformation in the specimens\u2014mimicking monarch butterflies, without embedded electronics. A systematic analysis combining finite element simulations and experiments reveals the effects of size, geometric features, and laser energy scale on wing morphing. Lower laser energy scales result in porous, fast\u2010bending specimens, while higher scales specimen show greater mechanical strength and varied deformation, with vein structures further improving deformation. The results provide a detailed dataset for optimizing wing\u2010morphing designs while highlighting the potential of the PBF process in creating lightweight magnetic bioinspired structures capable of optimal shape morphing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T08:04:57Z","timestamp":1733817897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioinspired Design, Fabrication, and Wing Morphing of 3D\u2010Printed Magnetic Butterflies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-6512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Bilal","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials Institute of Materials Science Technical University Darmstadt  64287 Darmstadt Germany"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Center Technical University Darmstadt  64289 Darmstadt Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kilian","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials Institute of Materials Science Technical University Darmstadt  64287 Darmstadt Germany"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Center Technical University Darmstadt  64289 Darmstadt Germany"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials Institute of Materials Science Technical University Darmstadt  64287 Darmstadt Germany"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Center Technical University Darmstadt  64289 Darmstadt Germany"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Lutzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials Institute of Materials Science Technical University Darmstadt  64287 Darmstadt Germany"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Center Technical University Darmstadt  64289 Darmstadt Germany"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Sergio","family":"Oliveros\u2010Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Dresden\u2010Rossendorf e.V.  01328 Dresden Germany"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Pylypovskyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Dresden\u2010Rossendorf e.V.  01328 Dresden Germany"}]},{"given":"Denys","family":"Makarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Dresden\u2010Rossendorf e.V.  01328 Dresden Germany"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Gutfleisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials Institute of Materials Science Technical University Darmstadt  64287 Darmstadt Germany"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Center Technical University Darmstadt  64289 Darmstadt Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12500"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Kovac D.Vogt D.Ithier M.Smith R.Wood in2012 IEEE\/RSJ Inter. 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