{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:07:20Z","timestamp":1783465640957,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52405474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52405474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro\/nanorobots (MNRs) are untethered, small\u2010scale devices designed to perform complex tasks in challenging and inaccessible environments, with promising biomedicine and environmental remediation applications. Recent advancements in multi\u2010module MNRs, which incorporate functional components such as actuators, propellers, imaging modalities, and manipulators, have significantly expanded their capabilities while addressing the limitations of single\u2010module designs. This article reviews recent progress in these core modules, emphasizing their application in biomedicine, including targeted drug delivery, tissue repair, and diagnosis, as well as in environmental remediation, such as pollutant removal and microorganism treatment. It highlights practical strategies to address real\u2010world challenges in these domains, with a focus on the multi\u2010module design in enhancing functionality. Despite substantial advancements, key challenges persist, including scalability, real\u2010time imaging, and intelligent control. Future research directions include the development of intelligent modules equipped with memory, data processing, and communication functions, enabling autonomous decision\u2010making and closed\u2010loop control. These developments hold the potential to foster innovation in medicine, environmental sustainability, and other critical fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:35:22Z","timestamp":1743986122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multi\u2010Module Micro\/Nanorobots for Biomedical and Environmental Remediation Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0431-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bairong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amar","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4235-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9246-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China"},{"name":"Institute for Super Robotics (Huangpu) Guangzhou 510530 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00885B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1347312"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15121443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.103543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-022-02505-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-9773(99)00053-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13050846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201303538"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aav8006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-042920-013322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.101939"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.1027415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"220391","volume":"12","author":"Su H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00025-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c02182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b06128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b03960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA09850E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja311455k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200461890"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn400925q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b08946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00309C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr01458d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2626-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2061-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C0NR00566E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam6431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5011304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2022.107380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EN00367F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8855"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201501446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002882"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.016475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00359G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.07.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"202307210","volume":"36","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1891"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00622"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0222-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00502K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00112J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920099117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax3084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301312z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-010518-040352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB02339G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505798w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4632"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b06824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja110214f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.12.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700767"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","first-page":"201605458","volume":"29","author":"Chen X.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202105829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-0215-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202000162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b01945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd2813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2960530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b06646"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2009.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aax0613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201404444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01261-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07220"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/545406a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00765A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SC02434G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b15586"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","first-page":"202300939","volume":"12","author":"Mallick S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b08067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b00605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01463-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR00502J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf6312"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.24577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506200x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01405-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am507680u"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11907-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abm1421"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00090A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","first-page":"201804343","volume":"28","author":"Villa K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01577-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202300426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00275-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_122_1","first-page":"202302591","volume":"13","author":"Ruan R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC00770G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae463"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz9014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk7251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay6626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-016-0378-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2007.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508520112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01534.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2022.100281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR00008K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR02610H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202119.111701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_140_1","first-page":"202204617","volume":"19","author":"Choi H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_141_1","first-page":"202302209","volume":"13","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB02140D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_143_1","first-page":"202004153","volume":"30","author":"Li Q.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR01646A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b02807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201807033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2018.2507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06727-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd5354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201800912"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44234-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2019.100526"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111750"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01259-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42674-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2020.100682"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR03592A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-020-00405-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100678"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573411016999200719231712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2013.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10060762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29151-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11123270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.115979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202101510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505029k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c11283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c13876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201502835"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_185_1","first-page":"202307477","volume":"34","author":"Peng X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.156216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c02115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_188_1","first-page":"202100230","volume":"18","author":"Vilela D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_189_1","first-page":"202107619","volume":"20","author":"Pereira V.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c11152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151410940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2016.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2021.101190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02162-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_199_1","first-page":"186","volume":"16","author":"Du Toit A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es8025424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.56205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b07861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00564J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0250-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR05422E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.05.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaw2388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14221830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_210_1","first-page":"202401489","volume":"10","author":"Xu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN02169J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR09799E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_215_1","first-page":"202303137","volume":"12","author":"Yuan X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.08.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_220_1","first-page":"202301736","volume":"35","author":"Feng Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_221_1","volume":"31","author":"Chen B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB00789G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03730A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142590"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202400779","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:39:52Z","timestamp":1759851592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202400779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]]},"references-count":225,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202400779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202400779","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2400779"}}