{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T09:32:26Z","timestamp":1771839146118,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001695","name":"Japan Science and Technology Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJMS223A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJMS223A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the development of bio\u2010intelligent cyborg insects (BCI) by utilizing the insect's natural sensory responses and behaviors through a noninvasive feedback control method. While electrical stimulation has been widely used for cyborg insect control, challenges such as habituation and integration with the insects\u2019 natural behaviors remain areas of ongoing research. To address these limitations, this study introduces a control method based on insect visual perception, specifically using their natural aversion to ultraviolet (UV) light. A wearable UV helmet is designed with two UV light\u2010emitting diodes near the insect's left and right compound eyes. Targeted stimulation of the compound eyes results in directional turning behaviors such as left eye stimulation\u2010induced right\u2010turning and right eye stimulation\u2010induced left\u2010turning. This study's experiments show that increased UV intensity correspond to larger turning angles, with no evidence of habituation even after repeated trials. Additionally, this method minimizes stimulation by relying on the insect's natural movement patterns, activating the UV stimulus only when the insect is inactive. Compared to electrical stimulation\u2010based systems, the UV\u2010based approach significantly reduces the frequency of stimulations while maintaining consistent and reliable control. This finding suggests that noninvasive feedback methods are viable alternatives for guiding cyborg insects in unknown environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T14:04:18Z","timestamp":1746972258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Autonomous Navigation of Bio\u2010Intelligent Cyborg Insect Based on Insect Visual Perception"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chowdhury Mohammad Masum","family":"Refat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University  Suita 565\u20100871 Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8125-6742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mochammad","family":"Ariyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University  Suita 565\u20100871 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Diponegoro University  Semarang 50275 Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University  Suita 565\u20100871 Japan"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University  Suita 565\u20100871 Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Morishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University  Suita 565\u20100871 Japan"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-11553-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-023-01741-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06529-8_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511818202.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03363-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06681-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior","author":"Souto P. M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56469-0_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41503-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-017-2412-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology","author":"Ritzmann R. E.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aau0307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-023-05515-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1322-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1388-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.07.024.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"S.Hirotaka C. W.Berry B. E.Casey G.Lavella Y.Ying J. M.VandenBrooks M. M.Maharbiz in2008 IEEE 21st Int. Conf. on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Tucson Arizona USA 13\u201317 January2008 pp.164\u2013167."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Sato S.Kolev N.Goehausen M. N.Nyi T. L.Massey P.Abbeel M. M.Maharbiz inCyborg beetles: The remote radio control of insect flight SENSORS 2010 IEEE Waikoloa Hawaii USA 1\u20134 NovemberIEEE2010 pp.1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2010.5690991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1210-94"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Sato C. W.Berry M. M.Maharbiz Flight Control of 10 Gram Insects by Implanted Neural Stimulators2008 pp.90\u201391.","DOI":"10.31438\/trf.hh2008.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"V. D. T.Thang S.Kolev H. N.Anh Z.Chao T. L.Massey P.Abbeel M. M.Maharbiz H.Sato 2013 35th Annual Int. Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) Osaka Japan2013 pp.2816\u20132819."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"M\u2010166","volume":"51","author":"Bozkurt A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Jpn. Soc. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-022-00207-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-023-00274-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Q.Lin N.Vuong K.Song P. T. T.Ngoc G. A. G.Nonato H.Sato (Preprint) arXiv: abs\/2411.13164 v1 Submitted: Nov.2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44182-024-00010-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13040611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-023-01693-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-012-0006-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-017-1210-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Visual Pigments of Compound Eyes\u2014Structure, Photochemistry, and Regeneration, Facets of Vision","author":"Schwemer J.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.128769"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-016-9513-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14626-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-017-1235-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.Fusiek P.Orr H.Wang P.Niewczas in2013 IEEE Int. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf. (I2MTC) Minneapolis Minnesota USA 6\u20139 May2013 pp.1214\u20131217.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2013.6555606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2022\/9780504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2024.0082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3004632"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202400838","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T10:40:18Z","timestamp":1764672018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202400838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202400838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202400838","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2400838"}}