{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T07:28:49Z","timestamp":1773041329876,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recent research demonstrates that na\u00efve users can be trained to perform complex motor tasks, including trimanual activities, using an extra robotic arm (XRA). While previous studies show task\u2010specific improvements with XRAs, it remains uncertain whether skills acquired in one task generalize to others with differing cognitive and motor demands. This study investigates whether multitasking training enhances performance on untrained tasks involving XRA. The training combined biological functions (button pressing, slider movement, and speech) with XRA control via voluntary diaphragmatic modulation. Untrained tasks include trimanual block manipulation and concurrent block manipulation with keyboard typing. We compared performance in the untrained tasks between a group that only perform those tasks and one that completes the training beforehand. Training significantly improves performance in the trimanual block manipulation task (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.45,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Additionally, users\u2019 performance in this task is significantly higher than when they used only their biological limbs, demonstrating true functional augmentation (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.70,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u20090.021). However, no differences are observed between groups in the concurrent block manipulation and typing task (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009163.50,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.880). These findings highlight the need to explore adaptive training protocols enhancing XRA\u2010biological limb coordination for improved skill transfer across diverse multitasking environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202500086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T06:04:19Z","timestamp":1746511459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring Skill Generalization with an Extra Robotic Arm for Motor Augmentation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Leal Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neural Engineering Lab Institute Neuro X \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1202 G\u00e8neve Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI Institute of BioRobotics Interdisciplinary Health Center Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna  56025 Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Dominijanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neural Engineering Lab Institute Neuro X \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1202 G\u00e8neve Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca Paola","family":"Maenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI Institute of BioRobotics Interdisciplinary Health Center Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna  56025 Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Dirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neural Engineering Lab Institute Neuro X \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1202 G\u00e8neve Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2251-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solaiman","family":"Shokur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neural Engineering Lab Institute Neuro X \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1202 G\u00e8neve Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI Institute of BioRobotics Interdisciplinary Health Center Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna  56025 Pisa Italy"},{"name":"MINE Lab Universit\u00e0 Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele  20132 Milano Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University Hospital of Lausanne University of Lausanne  1005 Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvestro","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neural Engineering Lab Institute Neuro X \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1202 G\u00e8neve Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI Institute of BioRobotics Interdisciplinary Health Center Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna  56025 Pisa Italy"},{"name":"MINE Lab Universit\u00e0 Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele  20132 Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00398-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28725-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"e47","volume":"12","author":"Chen L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"APSIPA Trans. 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