{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:17:49Z","timestamp":1773026269111,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Communication among particle robots is crucial for developing swarm intelligence. Current particle robots rely entirely on electronic communication systems, requiring a sensor to receive signals, a transducer to send signals, a processor to process them, and a battery to power the system. In this work, an alternative, electronics\u2010free communication strategy for particle robots is introduced via physical contact between their architected tentacles. Instead of relying on a central controller, the communication protocols are embodied in the geometrical outlines of these tentacles and can be further tuned with external vibrations. Separated particles can interlock under external pressure to form stable clusters resembling \u201csolids,\u201d or vaporize into \u201cgas\u201d by spontaneously repelling one another. Surrogate simulation tools have been developed to guide the design of these robots, enabling the inverse design of particle geometries for programmable interlocking and repulsion. Based on these basic communication schemes, particle robots can achieve a range of functionalities through collective behavior, including fast, sequential, and hierarchical deployment, locomotion, and coordinated group navigation. Finally, this contact\u2010based communication concept is extended to particles with different shapes, hybrid particle interactions, 3D particles, and microscale particle robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202500151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:23:47Z","timestamp":1752467027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electronic\u2010Free Particle Robots Communicate through Architected Tentacles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta 30332 USA"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge 02139 USA"},{"name":"School of Computing National University of Singapore  117417 Singapore"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Riera","family":"Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta 30332 USA"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge 02139 USA"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge 02139 USA"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Sopizhenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta 30332 USA"}]},{"given":"Shucong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta 30332 USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2231-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge 02139 USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0212-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Matusik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge 02139 USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta 30332 USA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27705-6_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195131581.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-012-0075-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvzxx9tx"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-007-0004-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/608164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-008-0016-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712312462248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/9\/2\/025012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Pugh A.Martinoli in2007 IEEE swarm intelligence symposium IEEE 2007 332.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIS.2007.367956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"H.Wei Y.Cai H.Li D.Li T.Wang in2010 IEEE Inter. Conf. on Robotics and Automation IEEE2010 66."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Dorigo inProc. 2005 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symp. 2005. SIS 2005.IEEE 2005 192.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIS.2005.1501622"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aax4316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-006-9050-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.Kira M. A.Potter in2009 4th Inter. Conf. on Autonomous Robots and Agents IEEE2009 566.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARA.2000.4803934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2015.2400731"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBIC.2011.038700"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"1","author":"Prorok A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.12343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"N.Hazon G. A.Kaminka inProc. of the 2005 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation IEEE2005 735."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2013.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"115","volume":"15","author":"Bayindir L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk. J. Elec. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2006.882919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2007.339623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"M.Schranz B.Rinner inInter. Conf. on Sensor Networks SCITEPRESS2015 2 15."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"M.Hartbauer H.Romer inThe First IEEE\/RAS\u2010EMBS Inter. Conf. on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics 2006. BioRob 2006 IEEE2006 585."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.Andr\u00e9en P.Jenning N.Napp K.Petersen inACADIA 2016 (\u201cPosthuman Frontiers: Data Designers and Cognitive Machines\u201d) 36th Annual Conf. of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture Association for Computer\u2010Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) Ann Arbor Michigan USA2016 54\u201361.","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.acadia.2016.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Nisser Y.Makaram F.Faruqi R.Suzuki S.Mueller in2022 IEEE\/RSJ Inter. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) IEEE2022 12659.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9981879"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00184h"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0573-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.11.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201301986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.185502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20698-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913228117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05908-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2020.104233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc9943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206238"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2317915121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03123-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"1","author":"Djellouli A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.20.2727"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","volume-title":"The grand design: form and colour in animals","author":"Foy S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-4-751"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-6-1413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2007.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00368790910953677"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2016.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10091015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03154-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2022.3189846"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202500151","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:05:16Z","timestamp":1765605916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202500151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202500151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202500151","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202500151"}}