{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:28:51Z","timestamp":1780090131071,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous vehicles completely rely on accurate multi\u2010sensor fusion to perceive their environment and make driving decisions. However, conventional AI\u2010based perception systems face challenges in irregular conditions such as poor visibility, occlusions, or adverse weather conditions, which can lead to incomplete or degraded information from sensors reaching the central computing\/navigation system. This severely impacts perception accuracy, potentially compromising vehicle, and pedestrian safety. This work presents a memristor\u2010based associative learning circuit that enhances fault tolerance by dynamically adapting to multi\u2010sensor inputs, including camera, LiDAR, radar, and ultrasonic sensors. The proposed circuit dynamically reinforces patterns, allowing the system to retain decision\u2010making capabilities even when certain sensors fail or provide incomplete data. The fault tolerance of the circuit is validated through error analysis, proving that accurate outputs are generated even with missing sensor inputs. The system demonstrates an average error of 6.98% across 10 critical driving scenarios, with a power consumption of \u2248152\u2009mW per scenario, confirming its robustness, energy efficiency and adaptability in case of sensor failures and under\u2010performance. The response time of the circuit has been optimized from milliseconds to seconds, aligning with realistic human\u2010like reaction times required for autonomous navigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202500215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T13:24:16Z","timestamp":1752153856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Memristive Associative Learning Circuit for Fault\u2010Tolerant Multi\u2010Sensor Fusion in Autonomous Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kapil","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences Tampere University  33720 Tampere Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitrii","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology  Brno 616 00 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Sotner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology  Brno 616 00 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayani","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences Tampere University  33720 Tampere Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Survey 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-024-00692-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12694\/scpe.v25i4.2800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"1090","author":"Bai X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3200245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"136782","volume":"37","author":"Zhu R. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14061105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146255"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13020354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13163342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3032227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1721654.1721679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"47","volume":"157","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Intell. Vehicles Symp."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/453042a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2013.2256171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-019-04663-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0302-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2017.2703985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2012.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4794794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3497640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05281-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2892786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/abbbe3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-019-05370-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.109990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"1150","author":"Zheng L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2834436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2014.2361776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04482-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2021.3069221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"1","author":"Hong Q. H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2019.2934357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2552640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"319","volume":"8","author":"Xiao J. Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3071183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.06.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1942-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05480-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44766-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"52","volume":"6","author":"Harabi K. E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3341256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","first-page":"1","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Reg. Pap."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2024.3516325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2023.3303653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.12.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22808-8_60"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2020.153552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2021.3108354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"2210","volume":"65","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","first-page":"2935","volume":"50","author":"Sun J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/electrica.2020.19085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","first-page":"257","author":"Yang L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Inf. Sci. Technol. ICIST"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-019-01330-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","first-page":"2","volume":"18","author":"Biolek Z.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments TL081 Datasheet https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/TL081."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4nr04861j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR01722E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","first-page":"21","volume":"6","author":"Jerry M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet. IEDM"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202500215","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aisy.202500215","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202500215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T16:51:53Z","timestamp":1769014313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202500215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202500215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202500215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.174062874.40633266\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2500215"}}