{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:39:10Z","timestamp":1769071150441,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJPR22C5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPR22C5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20H05921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H05921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004298","name":"SSTF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Large\u2010scale deep learning models are increasingly constrained by their immense energy consumption, which limits their scalability and applicability for edge intelligence. In\u2010memory computing (IMC) offers a promising solution by addressing the von Neumann bottleneck inherent in traditional deep learning accelerators, significantly reducing energy consumption. However, the analog nature of IMC introduces hardware nonidealities that degrade model performance and reliability. This article presents a novel approach to directly train physical models of IMC, formulated as ordinary differential equation (ODE)\u2010based physical neural networks (PNNs). To enable the training of large\u2010scale networks, a technique called differentiable spike\u2010time discretization is proposed, which reduces the computational cost of ODE\u2010based PNNs by up to 20 times in speed and 100 times in memory. Such large\u2010scale networks enhance learning performance by exploiting hardware nonidealities on the CIFAR\u201010 dataset. The proposed bottom\u2010up methodology is validated through post\u2010layout SPICE simulations on the IMC circuit with nonideal characteristics using the sky130 process. The proposed PNN approach reduces the discrepancy between model behavior and circuit dynamics by at least an order of magnitude. This work paves the way for leveraging nonideal physical devices, such as nonvolatile resistive memories, for energy\u2010efficient deep learning applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202500351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T19:04:54Z","timestamp":1755543894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Harnessing Nonidealities in Analog In\u2010Memory Computing Circuits: A Physical Modeling Approach for Neuromorphic Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0274-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sakemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Mathematical Engineering Chiba Institute of Technology  Narashino 275\u20100016 Japan"},{"name":"International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI\u2010IRCN) The University of Tokyo  Tokyo 113\u20100033 Japan"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI\u2010IRCN) The University of Tokyo  Tokyo 113\u20100033 Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto 606\u20108317 Japan"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Morie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology  Kitakyushu 808\u20100196 Japan"}]},{"given":"Sou","family":"Nobukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Mathematical Engineering Chiba Institute of Technology  Narashino 275\u20100016 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science Chiba Institute of Technology  Narashino 275\u20100016 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo 187\u20108551 Japan"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Hosomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Corporation  Kawasaki 211\u20108666 Japan"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Aihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Mathematical Engineering Chiba Institute of Technology  Narashino 275\u20100016 Japan"},{"name":"International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI\u2010IRCN) The University of Tokyo  Tokyo 113\u20100033 Japan"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2021.100379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311878121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"J.Achiam S.Adler S.Agarwal L.Ahmad I.Akkaya F. L.Aleman D.Almeida J.Altenschmidt S.Altman S.Anadkat R.Avila I.Babuschkin S.Balaji V.Balcom P.Baltescu H.Bao M.Bavarian J.Belgum I.Bello J.Berdine G.Bernadett\u2010Shapiro C.Berner L.Bogdonoff O.Boiko M.Boyd A.\u2010L.Brakman G.Brockman T.Brooks M.Brundage K.Button arXiv:2303.08774 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"A.Dubey A.Jauhri A.Pandey A.Kadian A.Al\u2010Dahle A.Letman A.Mathur A.Schelten A.Yang A.Fan A.Goyal A.Hartshorn A.Yang A.Mitra A.Sravankumar A.Korenev A.Hinsvark A.Rao A.Zhang A.Rodriguez A.Gregerson A.Spataru B.Roziere B.Biron B.Tang B.Chern C.Caucheteux C.Nayak C.Bi C.Marra arXiv:2407.217832024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"OpenAI Learning to reason with LLMs https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/learning\u2010to\u2010reason\u2010with\u2010llms\/ (accessed: 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"D.Patterson J.Gonzalez Q.Le C.Liang L.\u2010M.Munguia D.Rothchild D.So M.Texier J.Dean arXiv2021 10350."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3469029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Krizhevsky A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Horowitz In2014 IEEE International Solid\u2010State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC) IEEE Piscataway NJ2014 pp.10\u201314.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2014.6757323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Dally In2023 IEEE Hot Chips 35 Symposium (HCS) IEEE Los Alamitos CA USA 2023 pp.1\u201358.","DOI":"10.1109\/HCS59251.2023.10254716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3140659.3080246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2761740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45670-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Fujiwara H.Mori W.\u2010C.Zhao M.\u2010C.Chuang R.Naous C.\u2010K.Chuang T.Hashizume D.Sun C.\u2010F.Lee K.Akarvardar S.Adham T.\u2010L.Chou M. E.Sinangil Y.Wang Y.\u2010D.Chih Y.\u2010H.Chen H.\u2010J.Liao T.\u2010Y. J.Chang In2022 IEEE International Solid\u2010State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Vol.65 IEEE Piscataway NJ2022 pp.1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC42614.2022.9731754"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2899730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2022.3232601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Yoshioka In2024 IEEE International Solid\u2010State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) IEEE Piscataway NJVol.67 2024 pp.574\u2013576.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC49657.2024.10454489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCAS.2024.3482469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2019.2891688"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2021.3134313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04992-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44365-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-01010-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c19062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202300139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202400332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Pang Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0136403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ad93e0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287-024-00052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJSSCS.2023.3328290"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-024-00522-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44306-025-00078-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00670"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Roy I.Chakraborty M.Ali A.Ankit A.Agrawal In2020 57th ACM\/IEEE Design Automation Conf. (DAC) IEEE Piscataway NJ2020pp.1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/DAC18072.2020.9218505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","volume-title":"Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuit","author":"Razavi B.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","volume-title":"From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience","author":"Byrne J. H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0442-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2023.3273520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04223-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"A.Momeni B.Rahmani B.Scellier L. G.Wright P. L.McMahon C. C.Wanjura Y.Li A.Skalli N. G.Berloff T.Onodera I.Oguz F.Morichetti P.del Hougne M. L.Gallo A.Sebastian A.Mirhoseini C.Zhang D.Markovi\u0107 D.Brunner C.Moser S.Gigan F.Marquardt A.Ozcan J.Grollier A. J.Liu D.Psaltis A.Al\u00f9 R.Fleury arXiv:2406.033722024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"A.Krizhevsky Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images https:\/\/www.cs.toronto.edu\/kriz\/learning\u2010features\u20102009\u2010TR.pdf (accessed: 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"Google and SkyWater Technology SKY130 PDK's documentation https:\/\/skywater\u2010pdk.readthedocs.io\/en\/main\/ (accessed: 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0270-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3047619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2020.3025986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIT.2015.7223684"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Ankiti I.El Hajj S.Chalamalasetti G.Ndu M.Foltin R.Williams P.Faraboschi W.Hwu J.Strachan K.Roy D.Milojicic InProceedings of the Twenty\u2010Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems Association for Computing Machinery New York NY USA. ISBN 9781450362405 2019 pp.715\u2013731.","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2013.2280296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.3025756"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"Q.Wang H.Tamukoh T.Morie arXiv:1810.068192018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107447615"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Sakemi K.Morino T.Morie T.Hosomi K.Aihara In2022 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) IEEE Piscataway NJ2022 pp.2152\u20132156.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS48785.2022.9937662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"3227","volume":"29","author":"Mostafa H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks Learn. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065720500276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"Baydin A. G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","unstructured":"A.Paszke S.Gross S.Chintala G.Chanan E.Yang Z.DeVito Z.Lin A.Desmaison L.Antiga A.Lerer InProc 31st International Conf. Neural Information Processing SystemsCurran Associates Inc. NY USA.2017 https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=BJJsrmfCZ."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(01)00658-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","unstructured":"H.Xiao K.Rasul R.Vollgraf arXiv:1708.077472017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","unstructured":"K.Simonyan A.Zisserman arXiv:1409.15562015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3263008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2023.3308088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2931595"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","volume":"12","author":"Wu Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","unstructured":"D.Huh T. J.Sejnowski InProc. 32nd International Conf. Neural Information Processing SystemsCurran Associates Inc. NY USA.2018pp.1440\u20131450."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","unstructured":"N.Rathi G.Srinivasan P.Panda K.Roy arXiv:2005.018072020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","volume":"15","author":"Kim Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00397-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109194119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. M.Comsa K.Potempa L.Versari T.Fischbacher A.Gesmundo J.Alakuijala InIEEE International Conf. Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) IEEE Piscataway NJ2020 pp.8529\u20138533.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00388-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3095068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Zhou X.Li Y.Chen S. T.Chandrasekaran A.Sanyal Proc. AAAI Conf. Artificial Intelligence2021 Vol.35 p.11143.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i12.17329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50201-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91786-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Yamamoto Y.Sakemi K.Aihara In2024 International Joint Conf. Neural Networks (IJCNN) 2024 pp.1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN60899.2024.10651135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","first-page":"19534","volume":"33","author":"Kim J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Chen R. T. Q.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220050570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","author":"Tian Z.\u2010Q. K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","first-page":"1576","volume":"71","author":"Chen J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Express Briefs"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16108-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2022.3214334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40770-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2022.3141987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2018.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Okamoto R.Kojima Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.2025 39 19749.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i18.34175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","unstructured":"G.Hinton arXiv2022 2212 13345."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi8474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35216-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","first-page":"45","volume":"6","author":"Yi S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56345-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06337-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2024.3465595"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac0775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","first-page":"1","author":"Khwa W.\u2010S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Vaswani A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Maximilian B.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3110991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5704.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","unstructured":"D. P.Kingma J.Ba arXiv2014 1412 6980."}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202500351","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aisy.202500351","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202500351","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202500351","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T16:52:51Z","timestamp":1769014371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202500351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202500351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202500351","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2500351"}}