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As a fundamental requirement, microrobots must navigate in 3D, effectively counteracting gravity to execute their tasks. However, locomotion at small scales presents numerous counterintuitive behaviors, primarily governed by the interactions between the microrobot's body and its surrounding boundaries. In this study, the locomotion of surface\u2010rolling microrobots is investigated in 3D, particularly focusing on their ability to climb walls. Through a combination of experiments and computational fluid dynamics analyzes, it is demonstrated that the influence of gravity plays a secondary role in enabling surface\u2010rolling microrobots to climb walls. Instead, locomotion capability in 3D settings is primarily determined by interactions with surrounding boundaries. The fundamental principles of surface\u2010rolling locomotion in 3D spaces is elucidated and a design strategy aimed at optimizing fluid flow for efficient propulsion in future applications is proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202500381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T16:24:41Z","timestamp":1748535881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["3D Locomotion of Surface\u2010Rolling Microrobots: A Trade\u2010off between Hydrodynamic Wall and Gravitational Effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Myungjin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems  70569 Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"School of Integrated Technology Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju 61005 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9555-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugur","family":"Bozuyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems  70569 Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8086-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdost","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems  70569 Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeongho","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems  70569 Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology  77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1350-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungwon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Technology Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju 61005 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metin","family":"Sitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems  70569 Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"School of Medicine and College of Engineering Ko\u00e7 University  34450 Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Mobile Microrobotics","author":"Sitti M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-010510-103409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46407-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41557-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19322-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527841325.ch11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09177-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202311462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade0320"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34023-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022090118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c16859"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202407585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2025.102052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20230105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"11602","volume":"17","author":"Gong D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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