{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:56:13Z","timestamp":1774263373498,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4543,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological studies of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and animal model data support the hypothesis that viruses initiate the immunopathogenic events leading to demyelination in MS. There have been no reports, however, of consistent detection of viruses in MS central nervous system tissue. We probed MS and control brain with cDNA probes specific for human, murine, porcine, and bovine coronaviruses. We report the in situ hybridization detection of coronavirus RNA in 12 of 22 MS brain samples using cloned coronavirus cDNA probes. In addition, tissue was screened for coronavirus antigen by immunohistochemical methods; antigen was detected in two patients with rapidly progressive MS. Significant amounts of coronavirus antigen and RNA were observed in active demyelinating plaques from these two patients. These findings show that coronaviruses can infect the human central nervous system and raise the possibility that these viruses may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS in some patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T12:11:34Z","timestamp":1104581494000},"page":"525-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ronald S.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Brain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gary F.","family":"Cabirac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.7_Part_2.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.10.906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Handbook of multiple sclerosis","author":"Booss J","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.3.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7403860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(76)90053-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490230034003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.4.1789-1795.1991","article-title":"Induction of self\u2010reactive T cells after murine coronavirus infection","volume":"65","author":"Kyuwa S","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"150","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of EAE\u2010like lesions from rats with coronavirus induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis","volume":"305","author":"Watanabe R","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bature"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04210070033010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.37.2.763-770.1982","article-title":"Detection of tissue culture\u2010adapted Theiler's virus RNA in spinal cord white matter cells thrughout infection","volume":"37","author":"Stroop WG","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.7.2362"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.53.3.834-840.1985","article-title":"Three intergenic regions of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 genome RNA contain A common Nucleotide sequence that is homologuous to the 3\u2032 end of the viral mRNA leader sequence","volume":"53","author":"Budzilowicz CJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90050-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(89)90048-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90312-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(86)90102-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02472.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(83)90418-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.38.1.231-238.1981","article-title":"Coronavirus isolates SK and SD from multiple sclerosis patients are serologically related to murine coronaviruses A59 and JHM and human coronavirus OC43; 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