{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:45:04Z","timestamp":1772714704100,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3813,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is poorly understood. Dementia is accompanied by infection and activation of macrophage lineage cells in the brain and production of toxic products by these cells has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of dementia. Eicosanoids are potential products of activated macrophages that can mediate cell injury. We measured the levels of prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV\u2010positive individuals with dementia and\/or myelopathy and compared these levels with those of HIV\u2010negative patients with other neurological diseases and HIV\u2010positive patients without dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels were increased in dementia. This increase was associated with severity of dementia and correlated with cerebrospinal fluid levels of neopterin and \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010microglobulin. Prostaglandins F<jats:sub>2\u03b1<\/jats:sub> and thromboxane B<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, additional products of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, were also elevated in dementia, but leukotriene C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, a product of the lipoxygenase pathway was not. Since synthesis of prostaglandins is regulated in part by the levels of inducible forms of cyclooxygenase, we measured the levels of cyclooxygenase\u20101 and 2 mRNAs in the brains of HIV\u2010positive individuals with and without dementia by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Levels of intact cyclooxygenase\u20101 mRNA were higher in the brains of demented individuals, but this did not reach statistical significance. These data demonstrate that prostaglandins are increased in the central nervous system in HIV\u2010associated dementia and may play a role in the development of neurological dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T16:00:42Z","timestamp":1104595242000},"page":"592-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus\u2014associated dementia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Diane E.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Wesselingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin 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