{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T19:34:51Z","timestamp":1769456091692,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101158604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101158604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asso for Info Science &amp;amp; Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper investigates the use of multimedia verification, in particular, computational tools and Open\u2010source Intelligence (OSINT) methods, for verifying online multimedia content in the context of the ongoing wars in Ukraine and Gaza. Our study examines the workflows and tools used by several fact\u2010checkers and journalists working at Faktisk, a Norwegian fact\u2010checking organization. Our study showcases the effectiveness of diverse resources, including AI tools, geolocation tools, internet archives, and social media monitoring platforms, in enabling journalists and fact\u2010checkers to efficiently process and corroborate evidence, ensuring the dissemination of accurate information. This research provides an in\u2010depth analysis of the role of computational tools and OSINT methods for multimedia verification. It also underscores the potentials of currently available technology, and highlights its limitations while providing guidance for future development of digital multimedia verification tools and frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T01:59:21Z","timestamp":1732586361000},"page":"752-769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Debunking war information disorder: A case study in assessing the use of multimedia verification tools"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5351-2278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohail Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Dierickx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan\u2010Gunnar","family":"Furuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aftenposten  Faktisk, Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Faktisk  Faktisk, Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik Brattli","family":"Vold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faktisk  Faktisk, Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Journalism  Faktisk, Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rano","family":"Tahseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faktisk  Faktisk, Oslo Norway"},{"name":"TV2  Faktisk, Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl\u2010Gustav","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duc\u2010Tien","family":"Dang\u2010Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884917730217"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"MediaEval 2015","author":"Boididou C.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5132-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2017.1363657"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2015.1020331"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2021.1876525"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"International conference on human\u2010computer interaction","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","volume-title":"The rise of fact\u2010checking sites in Europe","author":"Cherubini F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Satellite journalism\u2014The big picture","author":"Corcoran M.","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211069048","article-title":"Fact\u2010checking the crisis: COVID\u201019, infodemics, and the platformization of truth","volume":"5","author":"Cotter K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Media+ Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3652583.3657587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2022.2027798"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479550"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","article-title":"Journalism and fact\u2010checking technologies: Understanding user needs","volume":"1","author":"Dierickx L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Communication+"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","article-title":"Automated fact\u2010checking to support professional practices: Systematic literature review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"17","author":"Dierickx L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47896-3_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429462030-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-012-9816-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800405284363"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","article-title":"The pandemic, the war and the climate crisis","volume":"190","author":"Gotiu M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Social and Educational Innovation (IJSEIro)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cccr.12163"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1461670X.2016.1196602"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2023.2218454"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003163237"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-3213-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1461670X.2012.664430"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","volume-title":"We are Bellingcat: An intelligence agency for the people","author":"Higgins E.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2022.2043173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"Journalism, fake news & disinformation: Handbook for journalism education and training","author":"Ireton C.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","volume-title":"Deepfake detection: Analysing model generalisation across architectures, datasets and pre\u2010training paradigms","author":"Khan S. A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3236993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2023.2273531"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","volume-title":"Discussing borders, escaping traps: Transdisciplinary and transspatial approaches","author":"Larsen E. S.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003037385-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815600412"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/mult.089.0081"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2018.1547655"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","article-title":"Fighting disinformation with artificial intelligence: Fundamentals, advances and challenges","volume":"32","author":"Montoro Montarroso A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Professional"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan12040061"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2021.1919543"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","first-page":"4551","volume-title":"Proceedings of the thirtieth international joint conference on artificial intelligence, IJCAI2021, virtual event\/Montreal, Canada, 19\u201327 August 2021","author":"Nakov P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02673231231189043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2023.102182"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13635-021-00117-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2021.2004200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","article-title":"Exploring the institutional space of journalism","volume":"48","author":"Reese S. D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Problemi Dell'informazione"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2023.2280676"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","first-page":"325","volume-title":"The future of journalism: In an age of digital media and economic uncertainty","author":"Schifferes S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2013.765638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","volume-title":"The 24rd Nordic conference on computational linguistics","author":"Sheikhi G.","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"OSINT. Marine corps","volume":"102","author":"Siegel C. B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gazette"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","volume-title":"Verification handbook: An ultimate guideline on digital age sourcing for emergency coverage","author":"Silverman C. L.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884920933137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24656"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231151436"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2018.1545592"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","volume-title":"Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking","author":"Wardle C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2023.2194665"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S2398-601820180000002002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","unstructured":"Yang L. Zhang Z. Hong S. Xu R. Zhao Y. Shao Y. Zhang W. Cui B. &Yang M.\u2010H.(2022).Diffusion models: A comprehensive survey of methods and applications. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:252070859"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/asi.24970","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T20:29:13Z","timestamp":1759955353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/asi.24970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/asi.24970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24970","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2330-1635","2330-1643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2330-1635","type":"print"},{"value":"2330-1643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}