{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:52:23Z","timestamp":1759971143135,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]],"date-time":"2007-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1174521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12804,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1972,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A semantic differential (SD) is a commonly used instrument which can be used to reliably measure attitudes toward a variety of objects or concepts. Each SD consists of a series of bipolar adjective scales on which a respondent reacts, in relation to the object or concept of interest. To interpret completed SDs, it simplifies the procedures and aids in the development of theory if the adjective scales are grouped into one or more independent clusters. The primary purpose of this study was to identify those clusters (or dimensions) applied by a user of an on\u2010line user\u2010oriented reference retrieval system when he reacts toward such a system.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Seventy\u2010one who used or were familiar with a working on\u2010line reference retrieval system completed a packet of 20 SDs, each consisting of the same 19 adjective scales. The correlations among the scales were factor analyzed. Three independent dimensions were identified. Factor I was labeled \u201cevaluative\u2010specific\u201d and accounted for over 23% of the total variance. Factor II was called \u201cdesirability\u201d; it accounted for over 17% of the total variance. And, Factor III, entitled \u201cenormity\u201d accounted for over 10% of the total variance. Another analysis showed the factor structure to be highly reliable. Therefore, if the derived three dimensional structure underlies users' attitudes toward a more general class of retrieval systems, then undimensional or unstructured system evaluations of users' attitudes will be simplistic and possibly misleading.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In order to construct a working semantic differential, 10 adjective scales were identified which best represented the three dimensions. Brief instructions are included which outline how to use this SD. The discussion is mainly concerned with the obtained factor structure and the need for a predictive replication of the study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630230206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]],"date-time":"2007-06-27T15:26:03Z","timestamp":1182957963000},"page":"122-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The development of a semantic differential to assess users' attitudes towards an on\u2010line interactive reference retrieval system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Katzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Measurement of Meaning","year":"1957","author":"Osgood C. E.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_2"},{"volume-title":"Semantic Differential Technique","year":"1969","author":"Snider J. G.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"Katzer J. Indirect Assessment of the Construct Validity of Some Aspects of the Semantic Differential Unpublished Manuscript Department of Communication Michigan State University 1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045146"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","unstructured":"Katzer J. Some Research on Assumptions Underlying the Semantic Differential Scales Unpublished Manuscript Department of Communication Michigan State University 1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028448"},{"volume-title":"BMD:Biomedical Computer Programs","year":"1965","author":"Dixon W. J.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316445901900314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","unstructured":"Kaiser H. F. Relating Factors Between Studies Based Upon Different Individuals Unpublished Manuscript University of Illinois 1960."},{"volume-title":"Fortran Programming for the Behavioral Sciences","year":"1967","author":"Veldman D. J.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446702700404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"Darnell D. K. A Technique for Determining the Evaluative Discrimination Capacity and Polarity of Semantic Differential Scales for Specific Concepts Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation Michigan State University 1964."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Survey of Attitudes Towards SUPARS. Section IV\u2010B\u20106 of final report on Large Scale Information Processing Systems","author":"Frierson E.","year":"1971"},{"volume-title":"Attitude Measurement","year":"1970","author":"Heise D. R.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_2"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Society for Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fasi.4630230206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/asi.4630230206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T12:55:55Z","timestamp":1759928155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/asi.4630230206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1972,3]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1972,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/asi.4630230206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.4630230206","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-8231"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-4571"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1972,3]]}}}