{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T09:27:37Z","timestamp":1774171657495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]],"date-time":"2007-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1174521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8846,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The SPEEDCOP (SPEIIing Error Detection correction Project) project recently completed at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) extracted over 50,000 misspellings from approximately 25,000,000 words of text from seven scientific and scholarly databases. The misspellings were automatically classified and the error types analyzed. The results, which were consistent over the different databases, showed that the expected incidence of misspelling is 0.2%, that 90\u201395% of spelling errors have only a single mistake, that substitution is homogeneous while transposition is heterogeneous, that omission is the commonest type of misspelling, and that inadvertent doubling of a letter is the most important cause of insertion errors. The more frequently a letter occurs in the text, the more likely it is to be involved in a spelling error. Most misspellings collected by SPEEDCOP are of the type colloquially referred to as \u201ctypos\u201d and approximately 90% are unlikely to be repeated in normal spans of text.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630340108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,28]],"date-time":"2007-06-28T13:37:19Z","timestamp":1183037839000},"page":"51-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Collection and characterization of spelling errors in scientific and scholarly text"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"J. J.","family":"Pollock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362686.362692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(77)90026-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter A.;Floyd R.;Gill J.;Markowsky G.;Wegman M. N. \u201cExact and approximate membership testers.\u201dProceedings of the 10th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing.59\u201365;1978.","DOI":"10.1145\/800133.804332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363958.363994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Spelling Difficulties in 3867Words","author":"Gates A. I.","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0979-180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"Harmon L. D. \u201cAutomatic reading of cursive script.\u201dProceedings of the Symposium on Optical Character Recognition.Washington DC: Spartan Books;1962:151\u2013152."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0255(81)90052-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/321879.321880"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics","author":"Lyons J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"Pollock J. J. SPEEDCOP: Task A1\u2014Quantification. CAS Internal Report; July1980."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","unstructured":"Pollock J. J. SPEEDCOP: Task B1\u2014Automatic correction of common misspellings. CAS Internal Report; October1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"Pollock J. J. SPEEDCOP: Task B2\u2014Automatic correction of misspellings. CAS Internal Report; May1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","unstructured":"Pollock J. J. SPEEDCOP: Task C\u2014Evaluation of spelling error detection\/correction system. CAS Internal Report; September1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","unstructured":"Pollock J. J.;Zamora A. \u201cAutomatic correction of spelling errors in scientific and scholarly text. Part 1. The correction algorithm.\u201d In preparation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"Pollock J. J.;Zamora A. \u201cCollection and characterization of spelling errors in scientific and scholarly text.\u201d In preparation."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"274","article-title":"Analysis of word similarity in spelling correction systems","volume":"5","author":"Sidorov A. 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B.","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Scientist"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Society for Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fasi.4630340108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/asi.4630340108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T18:22:04Z","timestamp":1759947724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/asi.4630340108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/asi.4630340108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.4630340108","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-8231","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4571","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]}}}