{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:13:10Z","timestamp":1759939990709,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]],"date-time":"2007-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1174521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8360,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010level scientific research in the information sciences is illustrated by a sample of recent discoveries involving the design of information\u2010processing algorithms, bibliometric scaling, and flows of information in biological systems and in countries. It is pointed out that when the concept of information first assumed an independent identity, the only known information processing systems were biological; now, after four decades of vigorous development of electronic information systems, the search for the essential nature of information is focussing again on biological systems and on sociotechnological systems as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630350313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,28]],"date-time":"2007-06-28T16:17:08Z","timestamp":1183047428000},"page":"194-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Information science research: The search for the nature of information"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Manfred","family":"Kochen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Decentralization","year":"1980","author":"Kochen M.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_2"},{"volume-title":"Report on Information Science","year":"1983","author":"Workshop on Information Technology","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-7956-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gevarter W. B.\u201cAn Overview of Expert Systems.\u201d In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society. Seattle WA October 28\u201330 1982.","DOI":"10.6028\/NBS.IR.82-2505"},{"volume-title":"Adaptive Systems with Discrete Information Transfer","year":"1962","author":"Kochen M.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_2"},{"volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems","year":"1975","author":"Holland J.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_2"},{"volume-title":"A General Theory of Optimal Algorithms","year":"1980","author":"Traub J. F.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_2"},{"volume-title":"Information. Uncertainty, Complexity","year":"1983","author":"Traub J. F.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_2"},{"volume-title":"Extended Boolean Information Retrieval","year":"1982","author":"Salton G.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6987735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"Noma E.\u201cCentroid Scaling of Citation Data: Charting the History of a Scientific Specialty Plate Tectonics.\u201d Ph.D. dissertation University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1982."},{"volume-title":"Productivity and the Shift to the Services","year":"1982","author":"Baumol W. 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