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Studies have examined scientists' linguistic practices in specific contexts; few, however, have provided a global analysis of multilingualism in science. Using two major bibliometric databases (OpenAlex and Dimensions), we provide a large\u2010scale analysis of linguistic diversity in science, considering both the language of publications (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200987,577,942) and of cited references (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,480,570,087). For the 1990\u20132023 period, we find that only Indonesian, Portuguese, and Spanish have expanded at a faster pace than English. Country\u2010level analyses show that this trend is due to the growing strength of the Latin American and Indonesian academic circuits. Our results also confirm the same\u2010language preference phenomenon (particularly for languages other than English), the strong connection between multilingualism and bibliodiversity, and that social sciences and humanities are the least English\u2010dominated fields. Our findings suggest that policies recognizing the value of both national\u2010language and English\u2010language publications have had a concrete impact on the distribution of languages in the global field of scholarly communication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:35:10Z","timestamp":1769603710000},"page":"699-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["How multilingual is scholarly communication? Mapping the global distribution of languages in publications and citations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5058-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Pradier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de biblioth\u00e9conomie et des sciences de l'information Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"C\u00e9spedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de biblioth\u00e9conomie et des sciences de l'information Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Consortium \u00c9rudit  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de biblioth\u00e9conomie et des sciences de l'information Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Consortium \u00c9rudit  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation\u2010National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch Western Cape South Africa"},{"name":"Observatoire des Sciences et des Technologies, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Alperin J. 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M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Anuario de Glotopol\u00edtica N\u00fam. 5","author":"Beigel F.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/bssg.1790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/SciELOPreprints.10286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/0103-2070.ts.2022.194375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/dados.2024.67.1.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Circuitos segmentados de consagraci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica: Las revistas de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas en la Argentina","volume":"32","author":"Beigel F.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Informaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Sociedad"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781614516378-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02464782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-012-0339-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Science de la science et r\u00e9flexivit\u00e9: Cours du Coll\u00e8ge de France, 2000\u20132001","author":"Bourdieu P.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17447143.2022.2063873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.3306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reseval\/rvy001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Cruz Romero R. 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