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It is becoming clear that actin reorganization is an integral part of early signal transduction pathways, and that many signalling molecules interact with the actin cytoskeleton. The small GTP\u2010binding protein Rac is a key regulator of membrane ruffling, and proteins that can regulate Rac activity, such as Bcr, are likely to act on this signalling pathway. In addition, several previously characterized signal transducing molecules are implicated in the membrane\u2010ruffling response, including Ras, the adaptor protein Grb2, phosphatidyl inositol 3\u2010kinase, phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and phorbol ester\u2010responsive proteins. Changes in polyphosphoinositide metabolism and intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> levels may also play a role. A number of actin\u2010binding and organizing proteins localize to membrane ruffles and are potential targets for these signal transducing molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950160506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,25]],"date-time":"2005-02-25T10:39:38Z","timestamp":1109327978000},"page":"321-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Membrane ruffling and signal transduction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anne J.","family":"Ridley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0354(98)90010-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.102.4.1224"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3090687"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041450311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Cell Behaviour: Adhesion and Motility, SEB Symposium 47","author":"Warn R.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(88)90468-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.53.030191.003101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8924(93)90084-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.120.6.1439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90164-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/366643a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-0674(93)90114-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(90)90301-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(90)90300-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041330414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4827(85)80017-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.106.5.1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90163-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/367040a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365781a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(93)90051-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.3.5.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439791"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54000-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22860","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)50026-0","article-title":"The identification and characterization of a GDP\u2010dissociation inhibitor (GDI) for the CDC42Hs protein","volume":"267","author":"Leonard D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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