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Among these proteins are several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which are responsible for directly interacting with and activating Ras in response to extracellular stimuli. Analogous GEFs regulate Ras\u2010related proteins that serve other diverse cellular functions. In particular, a growing family of proteins (Dbl homology proteins) has recently been identified, which may function as GEFs for the Rho family of Ras\u2010related proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure, biochemistry and biology of Ras and Rho family GEFs. Additionally, we describe mechanisms of GEF activation of Ras in signal transduction and address the potential that deregulated GEFs might contribute to malignant transformation through chronic Ras protein activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950170507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,25]],"date-time":"2005-02-25T08:51:33Z","timestamp":1109321493000},"page":"395-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Guanine nucleotide exchange factors: Activators of the Ras superfamily of proteins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lawrence A.","family":"Quilliam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Khosravi\u2010Far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shayne Y.","family":"Huff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Channing J.","family":"Der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349117a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/366643a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372794a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372798a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"128","article-title":"Regualtors of small GTPases","volume":"176","author":"Takai Y.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cibe. 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