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HSEs bind heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which is activated by stress conditions causing accumulation of abnormal proteins. STREs mediate transcriptional activation by multiple stress conditions. They are controlled by high osmolarity <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the HOG signal pathway, which comprises a MAP kinase module and a two\u2010component system homologous to prokaryotic signal transducers. AREs bind the transcription factor Yap1p. The three types of control elements seem to have overlapping, but distinct functions. Some stress proteins encoded by HSE\u2010regulated genes are necessary for growth of yeast under moderate stress, products of STRE\u2010activated genes appear to be important for survival under severe stress and ARE\u2010controlled genes may mainly function during oxidative stress and in the response to toxic conditions, such as caused by heavy metal ions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950171109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,25]],"date-time":"2005-02-25T10:04:15Z","timestamp":1109325855000},"page":"959-965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":328,"title":["Stress signaling in yeast"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Helmut","family":"Ruis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Sch\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90861-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0593-56"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.17.7915"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.218.4571.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2900001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01951.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00116-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(91)90055-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-137-7-1701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.118.3.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.151.1.311-327.1982","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the heat shock response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"151","author":"Miller M. 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