{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:09:29Z","timestamp":1770836969403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comp Applic In Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The heat transfer equation is a fundamental mathematical model in physics that describes heat transfer phenomena. However, due to the extremely complex solving process and difficulty in visualizing results when analyzing practical problems, as well as the insufficient application of solving methods for forward and inverse problem analysis, making it difficult to meet the experimental teaching needs effectively. To address these issues, a numerical experimental system for simulating heat transfer phenomena based on Physics\u2010Informed Neural Network (PINN) was developed using PySide2 and Python. Specifically, the PINN solvers were implemented in PyTorch (via DeepXDE) and integrated into the GUI, training points were generated by Latin hypercube sampling (pyDOE). This system implements PINN algorithms for three different heat transfer equations, providing visualizations of the results for both forward and inverse problems across varying parameters through color\u2010mapping charts. Additionally, it compares analytical solutions with numerical results and reports residuals, mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). To evaluate the instructional value of the PINN\u2010based simulation platform, a randomized controlled teaching experiment () was conducted. On the posttest, the experimental group outperformed the control group ( vs. ), and larger pre\u2013post gains were observed (). Self\u2010assessed understanding (5\u2010item Likert, 25\u2010point total) likewise improved more in the experimental group (post  vs. ), whereas control\u2010group gains were not significant (tests: ; Likert: ). System usability and acceptance were rated highly (), indicating strong perceived ease of use and usefulness. Overall, the system was found to provide an interactive and effective learning environment for teaching heat transfer equations and to improve both objective performance and perceived understanding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.70107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:23:21Z","timestamp":1764051801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of Experimental System for Simulation of Heat Transfer Phenomenon Based on Physics\u2010Informed Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-1514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhang","family":"Lina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6377-7458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Xiaotao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gamm.202100006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2023.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2021.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10958-023-06642-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4050542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0012266124040025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2021.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2020.178540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMCS\/2014\/7763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09720529.2016.1178918"},{"issue":"01","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Design of Virtual Simulation Experimental Platform for Heat Transfer Course Based on MATLAB","volume":"37","author":"Zhang C. B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental Technology and Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"4635","article-title":"Visualization and Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer Enhancement in the Shell and Tube Latent Thermal Energy Storage Unit by the Heating Method","volume":"41","author":"Xin X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"G.Olympiou Z. C.Zacharia M.Papaevripidou andC. P.Constantinou \u201cEffects of Physical and Virtual Experimentation on Students Conceptual Understanding in Heat and Temperature \u201d in GIREP Conference 2008 Selected Papers (2008) 209."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497241229757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16072633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.70038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2018.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6040140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.105890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.06.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jnphyssoc.v6i2.34858"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0116038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0153705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127517"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2020.113552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.111098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/19M1274067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/ama-2022-0048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2021.2012287"}],"container-title":["Computer Applications in Engineering Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cae.70107","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cae.70107","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cae.70107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:13:02Z","timestamp":1770833582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cae.70107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cae.70107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.70107","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-3773","1099-0542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-3773","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70107"}}