{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:52:23Z","timestamp":1777945943891,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Animation &amp;amp; Virtual"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The arrangement of objects in a 3D gaming environment is key to guiding players' visual attention. The human visual system is naturally drawn to salient areas, characterized by high contrast and importance, which directly affect performance in games like hidden\u2010object and first\u2010person shooters. This study investigates how improving user experience can be achieved by varying game difficulty according to objects' saliency. We created two games with three distinct levels of difficulty in which players utilized virtual reality to locate targets in various environments. Game difficulty was modulated by the saliency of these objects within their environments. In the second experiment, we applied the same structure but focused on how varying the materials and colors of objects influenced detection. Our findings show that controlling object saliency and visual characteristics can effectively manage game difficulty, offering new possibilities for adaptive and immersive gaming experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.70108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:50:33Z","timestamp":1774014633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceptual Control of Difficulty for Visual\u2010Search\u2010Based Games in 3D Virtual Environments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semihanur","family":"Aktay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering TED University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Abdullah","family":"Bulbul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-091718-015048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35058500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Boudaoud J.Spjut andJ.Kim \u201cMouse Sensitivity Effects in First\u2010Person Targeting Tasks \u201d2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoG51982.2022.9893626"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1836248.1836263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/199404.199427"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UKSIM.2009.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Graphics Interface","author":"Xu K.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25999-0_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Jiang Y.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Yi C.Huang D.Tzionas M.Kocabas M.Hassan andS.Tang \u201cHuman\u2010Aware Object Placement for Visual Environment Reconstruction \u201d2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3018458"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Toward Personalized Adaptive Gamification: A Machine Learning Model for Predicting Performance","volume":"12","author":"L\u00f3pez B. C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TG.2018.2791019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379156.3391840"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"270","article-title":"A Methodological Approach to Identifying and Quantifying Video Game Difficulty Factors","volume":"5","author":"Fraser J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entertainment Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668064.2668100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2018.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCIAIG.2009.2024532"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22531\/muglajsci.905213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200774"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The Effects of Target Template Specificity on Visual Search in Real\u2010World Scenes: Evidence From Eye Movements","volume":"8","author":"Zelinsky G. J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"}],"container-title":["Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cav.70108","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cav.70108","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cav.70108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:32:25Z","timestamp":1777732345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cav.70108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cav.70108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cav.70108","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-4261","1546-427X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-4261","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-427X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70108"}}