{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:48:43Z","timestamp":1782989323837,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Animation &amp;amp; Virtual"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work offers a dual\u2010loop neural\u2010adaptive VR teaching agent to mitigate cognitive load fluctuations, enhance abstract semantic comprehension, and counteract declining motivation in children's classical Chinese poetry learning. The system amalgamates multimodal inputs, such as EEG and eye tracking, to incessantly deduce learners' cognitive states and synchronize instructional feedback across micro\u2010 and macro\u2010level loops. An inference engine based on random forests was developed, employing a heuristic pseudo\u2010labeling method to address label scarcity. Offline assessments validated consistent classification across various cognitive states. In the micro loop, inferred states prompt immediate task\u2010specific interventions; in the macro loop, they govern the rate of learning and the timing of reviews, establishing a dual\u2010loop system that connects momentary learning with long\u2010term memory organization. A controlled experiment with a between\u2010subjects design assessed system\u2010level impacts in genuine poetry learning contexts. In comparison to a nonadaptive VR baseline, the neural\u2010adaptive system markedly improved children's comprehension of poetic imagery and semantics, augmented memory retention, diminished perceived cognitive load, and heightened learning desire. The findings indicate that integrating real\u2010time cognitive state awareness with dual\u2010loop adaptive training provides an efficient and pragmatic framework for immersive classical poetry education in youngsters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.70163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:50:32Z","timestamp":1782985832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Multimodal Neuro\u2010Adaptive Tutoring Agent for Children's Classical Chinese Poetry Learning in VR"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Zhengzhou University of Light Industry  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6370-7060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Zhengzhou University of Light Industry  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/mti9090099","article-title":"Assessing Cognitive Load Using Eeg and Eye\u2010Tracking in 3\u2010d Learning Environments: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Khan R.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022193728205","article-title":"Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design","volume":"10","author":"Sweller J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1145\/3699682.3727575","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization","author":"Nasri M.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR\u2010Adjunct)","author":"Nasri M.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.49.3.h70173113k7r618r","article-title":"The Application of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development to Education","volume":"49","author":"Kuhn D.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-016-9707-4","article-title":"Cognitive Apprenticeship in Health Sciences Education: A Qualitative Review","volume":"22","author":"Lyons K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Barrouillet \u201cTheories of Cognitive Development: From Piaget to Today \u201d2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2015.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Machine Intelligence and Digital Interaction Conference","author":"Karpowicz B.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13503","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Immersive Technologies for Education: Effects of Cognitive Load and Curiosity State on Learning Performance","volume":"56","author":"Poupard M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094639","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Ar and Vr Enhanced Language Learning","volume":"13","author":"Huang X.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory: An Implication in Learning General Science","volume":"31","author":"Ghazi S. R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gomal University Journal of Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","article-title":"Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning","volume":"12","author":"Sweller J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01538-2","article-title":"The Episodic Buffer: A New Component of Working Memory?","volume":"4","author":"Baddeley A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Immersive Virtual Reality Applications for Higher Education: Design Elements, Lessons Learned, and Research Agenda","volume":"147","author":"Radianti J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104931","article-title":"Collaborative Generative Learning Activities in Immersive Virtual Reality Increase Learning","volume":"207","author":"Petersen G. B.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103603","article-title":"Investigating the Effect of Pre\u2010Training When Learning Through Immersive Virtual Reality and Video: A Media and Methods Experiment","volume":"140","author":"Meyer O. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09701-3","article-title":"Cognitive Load Theory and Educational Technology","volume":"68","author":"Sweller J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Realities in Education","author":"Dede C. J.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s25134207","article-title":"Human\u2010Centric Cognitive State Recognition Using Physiological Signals: A Systematic Review of Machine Learning Strategies Across Application Domains","volume":"25","author":"Jin K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061759","article-title":"A Review of the Use of Gaze and Pupil Metrics to Assess Mental Workload in Gamified and Simulated Sensorimotor Tasks","volume":"24","author":"Gorin H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"759","volume-title":"In 2025 IEEE Conference Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","author":"Wei J.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Herrero \u201cEvaluating Recent Advances in Affective Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Scoping Review of Educational Impacts and Future Prospects \u201d2024.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14080839"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autotutor and Affective Autotutor: Learning by Talking With Cognitively and Emotionally Intelligent Computers That Talk Back","volume":"2","author":"D'mello S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-025-01333-0","article-title":"Real\u2010Time Cognitive and Emotional State Tracking in Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Enhanced Learning Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Kong K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Big Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2006-16(3)02","article-title":"The Behavior of Tutoring Systems","volume":"16","author":"VanLehn K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2012.01245.x","article-title":"The Knowledge\u2010Learning\u2010Instruction Framework: Bridging the Science\u2010Practice Chasm to Enhance Robust Student Learning","volume":"36","author":"Koedinger K. R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001","article-title":"Dynamics of Affective States During Complex Learning","volume":"22","author":"D'Mello S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00799-8","article-title":"A Scoping Review of the Use of Lab Streaming Layer Framework in Virtual and Augmented Reality Research","volume":"27","author":"Wang Q.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"899","article-title":"Relationship Between Eye\u2010Tracking Metrics and Cognitive Load in Mixed Reality","volume":"1","author":"Stuhlmacher D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"CSEDU"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.31937\/si.v9i1.846","article-title":"Rancang Bangun Spaced Repetition Software Untuk Menghafal Huruf Jepang Menggunakan Algoritma Supermemo 2 Berbasis Ios","volume":"9","author":"Hidayat A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultima InfoSys: Jurnal Ilmu Sistem Informasi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Advances in Psychology","author":"Hart S. G.","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self\u2010Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well\u2010Being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan R. M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"}],"container-title":["Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cav.70163","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cav.70163","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cav.70163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:50:46Z","timestamp":1782985846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cav.70163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cav.70163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cav.70163","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-4261","1546-427X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-4261","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-427X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70163"}}