{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:35:21Z","timestamp":1773430521096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6244,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The migration of keratocytes isolated from <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> tadpole epidermis has been investigated in vitro. In saline the cells move with a mean speed of 5\u20136 \u03bcm\/min. Migration is slowed down in saline with diminished sodium content and ceases in media containing not more than 4 mM sodium. Inhibition of the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u20102Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> cotransporter by piretanide reduces the speed of migrating cells to about one\u2010third of the control level, the same accounts to inhibition of the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> antiport with amiloride at pH 7.2. At pH 6.6, however, amiloride only slightly influences locomotion. Depolarization of the plasma membrane by increased extracellular K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> concentration or by inhibition of the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> pump by ouabain is only of minor influence during more than 1 h. Hyperpolarization of the cells using the sodium ionophore monensin impedes locomotion; this inhibition depends on an active Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> pump. Ionophore\u2010mediated breakdown of the K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> gradient strictly inhibits locomotion. The experiments have shown that a continuous flux of sodium ions is indispensable for the maintenance of cell locomotion. These ions may exert their action primarily by affecting cytosolic free calcium concentration and pH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970100409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1109217797000},"page":"528-536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Ionic control of locomotion and shape of epithelial cells: II. 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