{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:02:13Z","timestamp":1792677733938,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3687,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A means of determining quantitative maps of the tractions exerted by locomoting cells on a substratum has been developed. This method is similar to the Harris silicone substratum assay [Harris et al., 1980: <jats:italic>Science<\/jats:italic> 208:177\u2013179], but uses an improved non\u2010wrinkling film that deforms more predictably in response to traction forces. The method also utilizes a mathematical analysis of rubber deformation to produce the final map of the distribution of tractions. The resulting maps consistently showed that fish keratocytes exert a steady\u2010state \u201cpinching\u201d on the substratum, perpendicular to the cell's direction of locomotion. No significant rearward tractions were detected at or near the front edge of the cell. Likewise, no significant forward tractions associated with peeling of adhesions were found at the back of the cell. A second assay uses deflection of a lightly attached glass microneedle to measure the total force exerted by locomoting cells. Forces of approximately 4.5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> dyn were required to \u201cstall\u201d locomoting keratocytes. The implications of these findings for cell movement are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970310306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T01:50:31Z","timestamp":1109209831000},"page":"225-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Traction forces in locomoting cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Dembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-78975-5_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"114a","article-title":"Dynamics of traction forces, cytoskeletal structure and focal contacts in serum deprived fibroblasts","volume":"4","author":"Burton K.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. 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