{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T23:01:14Z","timestamp":1771628474326,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]],"date-time":"2004-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9187,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The catecholamine (CA) innervation of the rat brainstem was studied by biochemical analysis of discrete nuclei or areas and by glyoxylic acid\u2010formaldehyde freeze dry fluorescence histochemistry. CA assays demonstrate that the highest norepinephrine (NE) content in brainstem is present in the trigeminal motor nucleu, nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and nucleus raphe dorsalis. Bilateral locus coeruleus (LC) lesions do not significantly alter NE content in these nuclei but do decrease NE content in the superior and inferior colliculi, medial geniculate body, interpeduncular nucleus, pontine nuclei and the main sensory trigeminal nucleus (60\u201375%). Dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (E) are found in significant concentration in only a few of the nuclei examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Fluorescence histochemical analysis indicates that two groups of NE axons innervate rat brainstem. LC neuron axons with a distinctive morphology principally innervate sensory and association nuclei of the brainstem. These disappear completely after bilateral LC lesions. The second group of axons originates from lateral and dorsal tegmental NE cell groups. Primary motor and visceral nuclei are densely innervated by fine and thick axons from these groups. Lesions of LC do not alter the NE innervation in any of the nuclei which contain axons of the second group.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These results indicate that the brainstem NE innervation is divided into two major systems. The locus coeruleus complex innervates mainly primary sensory and association nuclei whereas the lateral tegmental NE neurons innervate primary motor and visceral nuclei. Although some overlap is present, the LC and lateral tegmental NE system predominantly innervate separate and functionally distinct areas of the brainstem. DA and E neurons provide a very minor component of the brainstem CA innervation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901860402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T19:50:39Z","timestamp":1104609039000},"page":"505-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":267,"title":["Origin and organization of brainstem catecholamine innervation in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Pat","family":"Levitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert Y.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1966.tb03318.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The Brainstem of the Cat. Cytoarchitectonic Atlas with Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"Berman A. L.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90371-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90372-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90457-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901760102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90440-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Dopamine and norepinephrine in noradrenergic axons: A study in vivo of their precursor\u2010product relationship by mass fragmentography and radiochemistry","volume":"4","author":"Costa E.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"232","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of monoamine\u2010containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons","volume":"62","author":"Dahlstr\u00f6m A.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta physiol. scand."},{"issue":"247","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. II. Experimentally induced changes in the intraneuronal amine levels of the bulbospinal neuron systems","volume":"64","author":"Dahlstr\u00f6m A.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta physiol. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(76)90251-4","article-title":"Simultaneous radioenzymatic determination of plasma and tissue adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine within the femtomole range","volume":"19","author":"De Prada M.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(76)90095-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90759-4"},{"issue":"197","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observations on the possibilities of the cellular localization of monoamines by a fluorescent method","volume":"56","author":"Falck B.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta physiol. scand."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10.3.348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800309","article-title":"Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. III. Olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex","volume":"180","author":"Fallon J. H.","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neur."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(78)90160-X"},{"issue":"247","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. The distribution of monoamine terminals in the central nervous system","volume":"64","author":"Fuxe K.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta physiol. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(68)90175-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05522.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90377-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90378-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.3.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Kromer L. F.1977The norepinephrine innervation of two sensory nuclei. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90327-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901230203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90925-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00492041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Lindvall O. andA.Bj\u00f6rklund1974bThe organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. Acta physiol. scand. (Suppl. 412) 1\u201348."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901540307","article-title":"The adrernergic innervation of the rat thalamus as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method","volume":"154","author":"Lindvall O.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neur."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(69)90185-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00492374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90763-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901650302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Rhombencephalon of the Rabbit","author":"Meesen H.","year":"1949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901770408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.02.030179.000553"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90707-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90299-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901570104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901550103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90479-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)91016-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90677-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/248695a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90597-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"A rapid assay for femtomole quantites of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine in biological samples","volume":"3","author":"Saller C. F.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurosci. Abs."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901630406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901160104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ungerstedt U.1971Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Acta physiol. scand. (Suppl. 367)1\u201348.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.1971.tb10998.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90107-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90236-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90237-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90025-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.901860402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.901860402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T23:07:53Z","timestamp":1699830473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.901860402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,8,15]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.901860402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.901860402","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,8,15]]}}}