{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T20:44:15Z","timestamp":1778877855406,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]],"date-time":"2004-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4499,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against parvalbumin (PV) were combined to analyze the distribution and morphology of PV\u2010immunoreactive (PV\u2010IR) neurons and the synaptology of PV\u2010IR processes in the principal sulcus of the macaque prefrontal cortex. Parvalbumin\u2010IR neurons are present in layers II\u2013VI of the macaque principal sulcus (Walker's area 46) and are concentrated in a band centered around layer IV. PV\u2010IR cells are exclusively non\u2010pyramidal in shape and are morphologically heterogeneous with soma sizes ranging from less than 10 \u03bcm to greater than 20 \u03bcm. Well\u2010labeled neurons that could be classified on the basis of soma size and dendritic configuration resembled large basket and chandelier cells. A novel finding is that supragranular PV\u2010IR neurons exhibit dendritic patterns with predominantly vertical orientations, whereas infragranular cells exhibit mostly horizontal or oblique dendritic orientations. PV\u2010IR cells within layer IV exhibit a mixture of dendritic arrangements. Vertical rows of PV\u2010IR puncta, 15\u201330 \u03bcm in length, resembling the \u201ccartridges\u201d of chandelier cell axons were most dense in layers II, superficial III, and the granular layer IV but were not observed in the infragranular layers. Cartridges were often present beneath unlabeled, presumed pyramidal cells. PV\u2010IR puncta also formed pericellular nests around pyramidal cell somata and proximal dendrites, suggestive of basket cell innervation. PV\u2010IR axons were occasionally observed in the white matter underlying the principal sulcus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Electron microscopic analysis revealed that PV\u2010IR somata and dendrites are densely innervated by nonimmunoreactive terminals forming asymmetric (Gray type I) synapses as well as by fewer terminals forming symmetric (Gray type II) synapses. The majority of terminals forming symmetric synapses with PV\u2010IR post\u2010synaptic structures were not immunolabeled; however, some of these boutons did contain PV\u2010immunoreactivity. PV\u2010IR boutons exclusively form symmetric synapses and heavily innervate layer II\/III pyramidal cells. PV\u2010IR axon cartridges formed numerous axo\u2010axonic synapses with the axon initial segments of pyramidal cells 15\u201320 \u03bcm beneath the axon hillock and also terminated on large axonal spines of the initial segment. Furthermore, we failed to observe a mixture of PV\u2010immunoreactive and non\u2010immunoreactive boutons composing a single axon cartridge. Pyramidal cell somata and proximal dendrites were also heavily innervated by PV\u2010IR boutons forming symmetric synapses, again, consistent with basket cell innervation. In addition, PV\u2010IR axon terminals frequently formed symmetric synapses with dendritic shafts and spines of unidentified neurons. Invariably, dendritic spines contacted by PV\u2010IR boutons were also contacted by non\u2010immunoreactive boutons forming asymmetric synapses, i.e., a triadic synaptic arrangement. Thus, the PV\u2010immunolabeled subset of non\u2010pyramidal cells, and possibly extra\u2010cortical PV\u2010IR afferents of the prefrontal cortex, heavily innervate both the input and output portions of layer II\/III pyramidal cells and are therefore capable of extensive modulation of the excitability of associational and commissural neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903200307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T23:01:59Z","timestamp":1104620519000},"page":"353-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["The synaptology of parvalbumin\u2010immunoreactive neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"320","author":[{"given":"S. Mark","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patricia S.","family":"Goldman\u2010Rakic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Leranth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90375-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1398","article-title":"The calcium\u2010binding protein parvalbumin in the striate cortex of macaque monkeys and humans","volume":"15","author":"Blumcke I.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. 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