{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T06:10:11Z","timestamp":1698041411817},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,24]],"date-time":"2006-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1161648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5441,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Concurrency: Pract. Exper."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The EMMA2<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#note1\" \/><jats:fn><jats:p>EMMA is a registered trademark of Elsag\u2014Elettronica San Giorgio.<\/jats:p><\/jats:fn>\n parallel architecture is a network of nodes, named 'Regions': each region is based on two shared\u2010memory hierarchical bus levels, on which a large series of monocpu, multicpu and specialized I\/O boards can be inserted, grouped in 'Families'.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Its typical applications are Image processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, characterized by intensive computation requirements, real\u2010time constraints and good price\u2010performance ratio for building large industrial systems. This paper presents the main characteristics of the EMMA2 parallel operating system, highlighting the internal organization and mechanisms offering the parallel co\u2010operation model for user programs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Section 1 briefly introduces the overall hardware architecture. It allows application partitioning into parallel independent subsystems, on two levels of computation: the lower level (family) is dedicated to massive number crunching, while the upper (region) permits the interaction of these lower machines.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Section 2 deals with the system software environment, based on a host\u2010target configuration: the host is mainly devoted to machine control, system monitoring, program development and debugging in a multi\u2010user environment.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Sections 3, 4 and 5 describe respectively the fundamental concepts of the operating system internal organization and the basic mechanisms with respect to the machine architecture; the basic functions that constitute the internal layers and services; the resulting parallel programming and co\u2010operation model and the typical mapping rules of algorithms to this architecture, completed with some examples of their functionalities.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The most important aspect of the EMMA2 operating system is the fact that it offers a uniform interface to user tasks, independently of their allocation on the target machine. Objects managed by system services can be referred to via logical names. Code for system services is distributed among processors and resides on a private read\u2010only memory. The operating system's data reside in shared memory only for system functions that need to be distributed, while private functions are based on different copies of data in private memories.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Section 6 gives more details on the most relevant EMMA2 industrial applications, also showing their mapping to the parallel architecture and some performance\u2010related information. Section 7 contains a brief outline of the novel architecture currently in development and of the subsequent OS Improvements.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion, we report some considerations about the present status of the EMMA2 system, compared with some other well\u2010known architectures, and about research efforts for its future evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.4330030605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,18]],"date-time":"2006-11-18T06:25:17Z","timestamp":1163831117000},"page":"541-557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The EMMA2 multiprocessor operating system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Appiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Roncarolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"E.Appiani High performance with medium\u2010grained parallelism: EMMA2 architecture and its operating system Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing and Applications L'Aquila (1987) pp.23\u201332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_3","unstructured":"Scuola SuperioreG. ReissRomoli L'Aquila(1987)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.Appiani B.Conterno V.LuperiniandL.Roncarolo \u2018EMMA2 a high\u2010performance hierarchical multiprocessor\u2019 IEEE Micro February 42\u201356(1989).","DOI":"10.1109\/40.16793"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Supercomputing Tools for Science and Engineering, Pisa (1989)","author":"Appiani E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"D.BiancoandV.Luperini \u2018The EMMA2 parallel processor and its industrial applications\u2019 First International Exhibition and Conference on RISC\u2010Transputer Architecture and Application RISC 90 Karlsruhe (1990) pp.137\u2013145."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1987.1676924"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"Programming Parallel Processors","author":"Babb R. G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","volume-title":"Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing","author":"Hwang K.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","unstructured":"iAPX286 Programmer's Reference Manual Intel Corp. Santa Clara CA (1985)."}],"container-title":["Concurrency: Practice and Experience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcpe.4330030605","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpe.4330030605","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T01:04:14Z","timestamp":1698023054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpe.4330030605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpe.4330030605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpe.4330030605","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-3108","1096-9128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-3108","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]}}}