{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:48:02Z","timestamp":1768204082777,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Concurrency and Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increasing number of automobiles on the road has worsened traffic, raised questions about safety, and had an adverse effect on the environment. Traffic Signal Control (TSC) has become a key strategy to address these issues. While conventional TSC systems help manage urban traffic, their reliance on fixed schedules and simplified models limits their effectiveness in complex, real\u2010world conditions. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, this paper introduces an Improved Twin\u2010Actor Twin\u2010Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (ITATD3) algorithm designed for traffic signal control at single intersections. The main innovation of the ITATD3 proposed is in two aspects: (1) the incorporation of a spatial occupancy\u2010based reward which in combination with waiting time, better measures road\u2010space utilization and congestion than traditional metrics, and (2) the application of the Cheetah Optimization Algorithm (COA) for fine\u2010tuning of key hyper parameters of the ITATD3 model to improve convergence speed and stability. The performance of the proposed model is compared against four benchmark models, like TATD3, TD3, D3QN, and DQN. Results show that ITATD3 performs consistently better than other models on various performance metrics, such as travel delay, average waiting time, traffic conflicts, spatial occupancy, throughput, and average travel time. The proposed ITATD3 reduced travel delay by a maximum of 68% and improved traffic throughput significantly compared to conventional models. These results reveal the benefits of ITATD3 as a viable solution for real\u2010time data\u2010driven traffic signal control in intelligent transportation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.70464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T11:58:02Z","timestamp":1766059082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improved Twin Actor Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient With Spatial Occupancy for Traffic Signal Control System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9226-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikhil","family":"Nigam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering MANIT  Bhopal India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhirendra Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering MANIT  Bhopal India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaytrilok","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering MANIT  Bhopal India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Role of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Solving Traffic Problems and Reducing Environmental Negative Impact of Urban Transport","volume":"1","author":"Badi I.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Decision Making and Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Adaptive Traffic Signal Safety and Efficiency Improvement by Multi Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","volume":"3","author":"Mirbakhsh S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing Travel Time Prediction With Deep Learning on Chronological and Retrospective Time Order Information of Big Traffic Data","volume":"343","author":"Chen C. Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3360090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2022.104957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2971540"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-023-00590-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2020.2977374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15097637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104593"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103955"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2205292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14338-z"}],"container-title":["Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpe.70464","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T04:47:10Z","timestamp":1768193230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpe.70464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpe.70464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpe.70464","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-0626","1532-0634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-0626","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-0634","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70464"}}