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Consequently, a distributed multicontroller architecture has been proposed, in which the number and locations of controllers must be determined rigorously, formulating the controller placement problem (CPP). In order to solve the CPP by optimizing the propagation latency, we propose a convolutional node embedding and K\u2010means algorithm (CNEKA), which integrates information propagation among adjacent nodes and calculation of embedding vectors by graph convolutional networks (GCNs) with the graph segmentation by K\u2010means algorithm. As far as we know, we are the first paper to apply GCN to solving CPP. The study demonstrates that the CNEKA algorithm significantly enhances performance in optimizing average and worst\u2010case latency between controllers and switches, as well as the propagation latency of the whole network, in varied experimental conditions. CNEKA achieves up to a 64.18% reduction in propagation latency when compared to other algorithms, and maintains a high stability with a fluctuation less than 7.6% when repeating the same experiments for several times. Moreover, CNEKA can always find the optimal or near\u2010optimal solution with an error less than 11.15% when compared with the global optimal solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.70595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T20:45:45Z","timestamp":1770237945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>CNEKA<\/scp>\n                    : An Algorithm for\n                    <scp>SDN<\/scp>\n                    Controller Placement Based\u00a0on Graph Convolutional Networks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0067-403X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yirui","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"jue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xihe","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","article-title":"Data Center Development Overview","volume":"49","author":"Liang G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information and Communication Technology and Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"Cloud Computing: Theory and Practice","author":"Marinescu D. 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