{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T03:41:29Z","timestamp":1759722089877,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62174181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62174181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circuit Theory &amp;amp; Apps"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embedded Internet of Things (IoT) nodes are required to perform lightweight tasks such as information monitoring and simple signal processing. A crucial component of low\u2010power embedded IoT sensors is the low\u2010power processor. Due to the constraints of operating conditions, there are stringent requirements on the power consumption and area of the processor. To minimize the power and area, this paper proposes a low\u2010power RV32I processor based on the RISC\u2010V instruction set architecture (ISA), which adheres to a serial data path. To enhance the energy efficiency of the serial data path followed (SDPF) processor, this paper proposes a pseudo\u2010pipeline architecture. By partitioning and combining certain instruction lifecycle tasks, a two\u2010stage pseudo\u2010pipeline structure is implemented, thereby reducing the cycles per instruction (CPI) of the SDPF processor. The proposed processor is designed using Verilog HDL, and FPGA prototype validation demonstrates that the proposed processor achieves at least 18% fewer resource compared with the traditional parallel 32\u2010bit RISC\u2010V processors and 55.9% performance improvement compared with the previous SDPF processors. The proposed processor is implemented using a standard 0.18\u2010\u03bcm CMOS process. The post\u2010layout simulation results indicate that it has at least 9.6% less area and 37.5% lower dynamic power consumption compared with traditional parallel 32\u2010bit processor. Additionally, it achieves a 40.9% increase in the performance to power ratio compared with the previous SDPF RV32I processor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.4514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T11:37:29Z","timestamp":1741693049000},"page":"5827-5838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An SDPF RISC\u2010V Processor With 55.9% Dhrystone Improvement Using Two\u2010Stage Pseudo\u2010Pipelined Architecture for IoT Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Wenji","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5285-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Bingjun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23628-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21729-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2035453"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2034764"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2654506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X.Liu D. S.Truesdell O.Faruqe et\u00a0al. \u201cA Self\u2010Powered SoC with Distributed Cooperative Energy Harvesting and Multi\u2010Chip Power Management for System\u2010in\u2010Fiber. 2023 IEEE International Solid\u2013State on Circuits Conference (ISSCC) (2023): 236\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC42615.2023.10067265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.Lim I.Lee D.Sylvester andD.Blaauw \u201cBatteryless Sub\u2010nW Cortex\u2010M0+ Processor with Dynamic Leakage\u2010Suppression Logic \u201d 2015 IEEE International Solid\u2013State on Circuits Conference (ISSCC) (2015):1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2015.7062968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.Lin S.Jain andM.Alioto \u201cA 595pW 14pJ\/Cycle Microcontroller With Dual\u2010Mode Standard Cells and Self\u2010Startup for Battery\u2010Indifferent Distributed Sensing \u201d 2018 IEEE International Solid\u2013State on Circuits Conference (ISSCC) (2018):44\u201346.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2018.8310175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2019.2938897"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.Shavit I.Stanger R.Taco L.Yavits andA.Fish \u201cLow Power Energy Efficient and High Performance Triple Mode Logic for IoT Applications \u201d2024 19thConference on Ph. D Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME) (2024): 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/PRIME61930.2024.10559729"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. S.Truesdell X.Liu J.Breiholz S.Gupta S.Li andB. H.Calhoun \u201cNanoWattch: A Self\u2010Powered 3\u2010nW RISC\u2010V SoC Operable from 160 mV Photovoltaic Input With Integrated Temperature Sensing and Adaptive Performance Scaling \u201d 2022 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits) (2022):210\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSITechnologyandCir46769.2022.9830206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2023.3287360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2939890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. K.Brown D.Abdallah J.Boley et\u00a0al. \u201cA 65 nm Energy\u2010Harvesting ULP SoC with 256kB Cortex\u2010M0 Enabling an 89.1 \u03bcW Continuous Machine Health Monitoring Wireless Self\u2010Powered System \u201d2020 IEEE International Solid\u2013State on Circuits Conference (ISSCC) (2020): 420\u2013422.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC19947.2020.9063067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. J.Lukas F. B.Yahya K. K.Huang et\u00a0al. \u201cA 2.19 \u03bcW Self\u2010Powered SoC With Integrated Multimodal Energy Harvesting Dual\u2010Channel up to \u221292 dBm WRX and Energy\u2010Aware Subsystem \u201d 2023 IEEE International Solid\u2013State on Circuits Conference (ISSCC) (2023): 238\u2013240.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC42615.2023.10067337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2024.3350449"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2022.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Saussereau C.Leroux J. B.Begueret andC.Jego \u201cAsteRISC: A Size\u2010Optimized RISC\u2010V Core for Design Space Exploration \u201d2023 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) (2023): 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS46773.2023.10181330"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"C.Wolf \u201cPicorv32 \u2013 A Size Optimized RISC\u2013V CPU[online].\u201dhttps:\/\/github.com\/cliffordwolf\/picorv32."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. F.Nascimento R. N.Wuerdig A. F.Ponchet et\u00a0al. \u201cRISC\u2010V SoC Physical Implementation in 180 nm CMOS with a Quark Core Based on FemtoRV32 \u201d 2023 IEEE Seventh Ecuador Technical Chapter Meeting (ECTM) (2023):1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETCM58927.2023.10309011"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"3543","article-title":"Accumulator\u2010Based 16\u2010Bit Processor for Wireless Sensor Nodes","volume":"71","author":"Dang T. K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"3182","article-title":"A Sub\u2010\u03bcW Reversed\u2010Body\u2010Bias 8\u2010Bit Processor on 65\u2010Nm Silicon\u2010On\u2010Thin\u2010Box (SOTB) for IoT Applications","volume":"68","author":"Sarmiento M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"2438","article-title":"System on a Chip With 8 and 32 Bits Processors in 0.18\u2013\u03bcm Technology for IoT Applications","volume":"69","author":"Sarmiento M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Waterman Y.Lee R.Avizienis D. A.Patterson andK.Asanovi\u0106 \u201cThe RISC\u2010V Instruction Set Manual Volume II: Privileged Architecture Version 1.9 \u201d EECS Department University of California Berkeley Tech. Rep. UCB\/EECS\u20132015\u201349 (2015).","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA605735"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358274.358283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"S.Gal\u2013OnandM.Levy \u201cExploring Coremark a Benchmark Maximizing Simplicity and Efficacy \u201d The Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"Open\u2010source Hummingbirdv2 E203 RISC\u2013V Processor Core and SoC [online] https:\/\/github.com\/riscv\u2010mcu\/e203_hbirdv2."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"VectorBlox \u201cORCA: RISC\u2013V by VectorBlox [online] \u201dhttps:\/\/github.com\/VectorBlox\/orca."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.Jia L.Meng S.Lin andJ.Yu \u201cThe Signal Processing Based on Average and Curve Fit Technique for Optic\u2010Fiber Fluorescent Temperature Measurement System in Hyperthermia Clinical \u201d 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering 5110\u20135113.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECENG.2011.6057200"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cta.4514","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T03:13:13Z","timestamp":1759720393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cta.4514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cta.4514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cta.4514","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-9886","1097-007X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0098-9886"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-007X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}