{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:26:51Z","timestamp":1773052011505,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009105","name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circuit Theory &amp; Apps"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Frequency shift keying (FSK) is a robust modulation scheme widely used in biomedical implants for wireless power and data transfer over inductive links due to its low sensitivity to amplitude noise and coil misalignment. However, conventional FSK modulation faces challenges in achieving high data rates and low power consumption, as it requires multiple modulation cycles to encode data bits (0 or 1), limiting carrier utilization. This paper proposes a novel FSK modulation scheme for clock and data recovery (CDR) that minimizes the required number of cycles to encode data bits, improving data rate and reducing power consumption. Using only two and one modulation cycles enables efficient data transmission at higher rates with lower energy usage, offering a promising solution for forward data communication. A prototype FSK modulator and CDR circuit are designed to implement this approach using 0.18\u2009\u03bcm CMOS process. The proposed circuit recovers clock and data signals from a FSK\u2010modulated signal at rates up to 4\u2009Mb\/s and occupies an active area of 0.002747\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (67\u2009\u03bcm\u2009\u00d7\u200941\u2009\u03bcm). The circuit consumes 15.4\u2009\u03bcW power from a 1.4\u2009V supply for data transfer. The design achieves an energy efficiency of 3.5\u2009pJ\/bit and demonstrates an improved data rate\u2010to\u2010carrier frequency (DRCF) ratio and greater compactness than existing FSK demodulators. These features make it suitable for wireless data transfer in energy\u2010constrained biomedical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.4522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T18:36:36Z","timestamp":1742150196000},"page":"6298-6307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Compact and Efficient FSK\u2010CDR Design for Forward Data Transfer Over Wireless Inductive Link"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2125-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naqeeb","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Information of Communication Technology BUITEMS  Quetta Balochistan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd\u00a0Khairi\u00a0Bin","family":"Zulkalnain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruichi","family":"Kanaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramesh\u00a0K.","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2020.153337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2020.153166"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3049918"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2020.3010308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2010.2049491"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Tantin A.Letourneau M.Zgaren S.Hached I.Clausen &M.Sawan \"Implantable MICS\u2010Based Wireless Solution for Bladder Pressure Monitoring.\" 2017 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) (2018); pp. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOCAS.2017.8325205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2835378"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Barakat R. K.Pokharel S.Alshhawy K.Yoshitomi andS.Kawasaki High Isolation Simultaneous Wireless Power and Information Transfer System Using Coexisting DGS Resonators and Figure\u20108 Inductors \u201d IEEE MTT\u2010S International Microwave Symposium (2020);1172\u20131175.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMS30576.2020.9223866"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Efficient and Compact Dual\u2010Band Wireless Power Transfer System Through Biological Tissues Using Dual\u2010Reference DGS Resonators","volume":"1","author":"Jiang X.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE MTT\u2010S International Microwave Symposium"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Barakat S.Alshhawy K.Yoshitomi andR. K.Pokharel \u201cTriple\u2010Band Near\u2010Field Wireless Power Transfer System Using Coupled Defected Ground Structure Band Stop Filters \u201d IEEE MTT\u2010S International Microwave Symposium Digest (2019) 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2019.8700853"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2012.2212276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2015.2415653"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2004.838144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2009.2039212"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"640","article-title":"A 34\u2010pJ\/bit Area\u2010Efficient ASK Demodulator Based on Switching\u2010Mode Signal Shaping","volume":"64","author":"Navaii M. L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.Huang K. S.Zheng X.Liu X.Wang Y.Hou andY.Liu \u201cSimultaneous High\u2010Efficiency Power Delivery and Energy\u2010Efficient Forward Data Transmission Over Single Inductive Link \u201d IEEE Access (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3298052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2021.100155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2023.154786"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2851605"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2021.3135843"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X.MaandS.Mai \u201cNarrowband FSK Transceiver Circuit for Wireless Power and Data Transmission in Biomedical Implants \u201d 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) IEEE 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS48785.2022.9937407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2943871"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2022.3146559"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"3255","article-title":"Efficient ASK Data and Power Transmission by the Class\u2010E With a Switchable Tuned Network","volume":"65","author":"Lotfi Navaii M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2005.858163"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2889802"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"3424","article-title":"A Power and Data Link for a Wireless\u2010Implanted Neural Recording System","volume":"59","author":"Rush A. D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. L.Barbruni F.Asti P. M.Ros D.Ghezzi D.Demarchi andS.Carrara \u201cA 20 Mbps 433 MHz RF ASK Transmitter to Inductively Power a Distributed Network of Miniaturized Neural Implants \u201d IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (2021):1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA52024.2021.9478678"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cta.4522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T19:00:06Z","timestamp":1762282806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cta.4522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cta.4522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cta.4522","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-9886","1097-007X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-9886","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-007X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}