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However, controlling DC MGs is a complex duty, where voltage control and power management are particularly challenging tasks. This paper presents a fixed switching frequency model predictive control (FSF\u2010MPC) along with a modified rule\u2010based power management algorithm (PMA) proposed for small\u2010scale photovoltaic (PV) DC MG with hybrid energy storage system (HESS). State of charge (SoC) monitoring for both the battery and supercapacitors (SCs) ensures optimized power sharing and rapid charge\u2013discharge capabilities. Based on reference powers generated by the PMA, the proposed control strategy determines the optimal duty cycle for each power converter, as well as regulating the DC\u2010bus voltage. Simulation and experimental results are used to verify system efficacy by testing different operation modes. The FSF\u2010MPC significantly enhances the system's performance compared to conventional control techniques, improving peak overshoot, settling time, and steady\u2010state error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T21:20:17Z","timestamp":1751232017000},"page":"1446-1460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improved Power Management of Standalone DC Microgrid With Hybrid Energy Storage System Using a Fixed Switching Frequency Model Predictive Control"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soundous","family":"Remache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Automatic (LGEA), Department of Electrical Engineering Oum El Bouaghi University  Oum El Bouaghi Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2539-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seif\u00a0El\u00a0Islam","family":"Remache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Automatic (LGEA), Department of Electrical Engineering Oum El Bouaghi University  Oum El Bouaghi Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5051-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali\u00a0Yahia","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Automatic (LGEA), Department of Electrical Engineering Oum El Bouaghi University  Oum El Bouaghi Algeria"}]},{"given":"Kamel","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Elecrtomechanical Engineering Batna University  Batna Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ersan","family":"Kabalci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University  Nevsehir Turkey"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.EmmersandJ.Driesen \u201cA Quantitative Availability Analysis of Industrial DC Microgrids \u201d in2023 IEEE Fifth International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM) (IEEE 2023) 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDCM54452.2023.10433613.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCM54452.2023.10433613"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Wang J.Dang X.Han et\u00a0al. \u201cA Semi\u2010Decentralized Control Strategy of a PV\u2010Based Microgrid With Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging and Hydrogen Production \u201d in2021 IEEE 4th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC)(IEEE 2021) 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CIEEC50170.2021.9510719.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIEEC50170.2021.9510719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.Xu B.Wei J. 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