{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:15:40Z","timestamp":1773011740741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circuit Theory &amp;amp; Apps"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has attracted significant attention in the fields of high and medium\u2010voltage applications in recent years. Traditional indirect finite control set model predictive control (IFCS\u2010MPC) strategies for MMC require voltage measurements from each submodule (SM) for the voltage control loop. As a result, a considerable number of sensors is required to achieve energy balancing, leading to increased circuit complexity and higher hardware costs. This paper proposes an IFCS\u2010MPC method for MMC with a reduced number of sensors approach. In the approach, an SM capacitor voltage observer is designed based on the discrete\u2010time model of capacitor voltage, utilizing the measured arm current and SM switching state. Only one SM voltage sensor is needed per arm, which is used to correct the observed voltage errors caused by the discrete\u2010time model and the accuracy of the parameters. Subsequently, the observed values of the SM capacitor voltages are substituted for the measured values in the voltage sorting algorithm of IFCS\u2010MPC to reduce voltage sensors. The simulation and experiment results are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system and the feasibility of reducing the number of sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.70040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T02:40:23Z","timestamp":1750992023000},"page":"1409-1421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indirect Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converters With Reduced Number of Sensors Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electric Drives and Control Systems Shanghai Maritime University  Shanghai China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoju","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electric Drives and Control Systems Shanghai Maritime University  Shanghai China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electric Drives and Control Systems Shanghai Maritime University  Shanghai China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electric Drives and Control Systems Shanghai Maritime University  Shanghai China"}]},{"given":"Tianzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electric Drives and Control Systems Shanghai Maritime University  Shanghai China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2310127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2009.2014236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2017.2675992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2018.2880137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2020.3021022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2024.3352155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3194599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.3917"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2377112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2024.3415491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2018.2888558"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.3241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2018.2797245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2412658"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2931287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology","author":"Jung J. 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R.DashandP.Agarwal \u201cVoltage Balancing in MMC Operated at Reduced Switching Frequency Without Using Sensors \u201d2022 IEEE IAS Global Conference on Emerging Technologies (GlobConET) Arad Romania (2022) pp.545\u2013550.","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobConET53749.2022.9872459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2022.3200419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2023.3270113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2308018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2748969"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3095721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Cortes S.Kouro B. 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