{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:48:11Z","timestamp":1776347291584,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,6]],"date-time":"2005-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3689,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev. Genet."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We provide a comparative analysis of the expression patterns and ventral mesoderm\u2010inducing properties of <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104. Transcripts for BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104 are maternally stored in eggs, and zygotic expression of these genes is uniform in the ectoderm and mesoderm in late blastulae. During gastrulation, BMP\u20102 is expressed at a low level throughout the ectoderm and marginal zone, but at early neurula stages a patch of dorso\u2010anterior cells displays enhanced expression. In contrast, BMP\u20104 transcripts are restricted to the ventrolateral marginal zone during gastrulation, and in late gastrula and early neurula BMP\u20104 is expressed in the epidermis but not the neural plate. At post\u2010neurula stages, BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104 transcripts are associated with a variety of mesodermal structures, including the pharyngeal pouches, heart, blood island, and blastopore. At tailbud stages, BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104 are expressed in neural tissues including the neural tube and brain. In mesoderm induction assays, BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104 induce Xhox3, an early ventral\u2010posterior mesoderm marker, and larval \u03b2T1 globin, a marker for red blood cells. Induction of red blood cells in response to BMP\u20104 was demonstrated by staining with a hemoglobin\u2010specific reagent. Little is known about factors that induce hematopoietic lineages in vertebrates, and these results provide evidence linking BMP activity and blood differentiation. Globin induction by BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104 is blocked by co\u2010expression of a dominant\u2010negative activin receptor, suggesting that either endogenous activin signals are required for BMP\u2010mediated induction, or that the trancated activin receptor interferes with signaling by BMP receptors. In assays on marginal zone explants, we demonstrate that BMP\u20104 respecifies dorsal mesoderm to form ventral mesoderm, consistent with its ability to induce blood and to ventralize embryos. BMP\u20102, however, does not display such activity. The findings extend and support evidence that BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104 function in ventral mesoderm induction and patterning in Xenopus. Our data furthermore high light the multiple functions these factors fulfill during early vertebrate embryogenesis. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.1020170109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,25]],"date-time":"2005-05-25T22:44:49Z","timestamp":1117061089000},"page":"78-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":303,"title":["Ventral mesodermal patterning in <i>Xenopus<\/i> embryos: Expression patterns and activities of BMP\u20102 and BMP\u20104"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Hemmati\u2010Brivanlou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gerald 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