{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:29:07Z","timestamp":1759332547952},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,22]],"date-time":"2005-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12744,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A simple method is described for distinguishing helper (T) and precursor (B) immunological memory: it depends on the sequential use of 2 cross\u2010reacting antigens for priming and challenge. Using cow and sheep erythrocytes, we have followed the asynchronous development of helper and precursor memory.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Helper (T) memory is optimal 4 \u2013 6 days after a wide range of antigen doses (2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> \u20132 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> red blood cells). It reaches rather higher levels after very small injections, but persists longer after high doses.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Precursor (B) memory requires a large amount of antigen for optimal development (2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> \u2013 2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> red blood cells). It increases for at least 2 months after priming. B\u2010memory cells defined by the cross\u2010reactive criterion are insensitive to anti\u2010theta serum but require the presence of T cells for their effective stimulation by antigen. Precursor memory does not appear to be carried by the antibody\u2010forming cells themselves. It is more sensitive to irradiation damage than T memory.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Memory of either kind leads to increased production of both IgM and IgG antibody\u2010forming cells. Helper memory cells seem to be able to interact with virgin B cells in the normal spleen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830010602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,27]],"date-time":"2007-02-27T21:37:00Z","timestamp":1172612220000},"page":"413-421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The asynchronous development of immunological memory in helper (T) and precursor (B) cell lines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"A. J.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E. E.","family":"Sercarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000287195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"539","volume":"8","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4 O.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"96","volume-title":"International Convocation on Immunology","author":"Thorbecke G. J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"621","volume":"16","author":"Cunningham A. J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Mechanisms of Immunological Tolerance","author":"Sercarz E. E.","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"933","volume":"17","author":"Cunningham A. J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.6.1181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31353"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.59.1.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1967.032.01.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.6.1131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830010103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/224378a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"599","volume":"14","author":"Cunningham A. J.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"603","volume":"11","author":"Wortis H. H.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1968.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(71)90024-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.124.3.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"547","volume-title":"Developmental Aspects of Antibody Formation and Structure","author":"Mitchison N. A.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2261257a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.6.1267"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196703000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830010104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"Mitchell G. F. Chan E. L. Noble M. S. Weissman I. L. Mishell R. I.andHerzenberg L. A. J. Exp. Med. in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.134.1.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.140.3565.405-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.131.2.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"338","volume":"5","author":"Eisen H. N.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196607000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.5.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.127.2.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(66)90007-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.100.6.1326","volume":"100","author":"Britton S.","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(70)90023-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/230437a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Cell Interactions and Receptor Antibodies in Immune Responses","author":"Mitchison N. A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3973.813"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.98.4.836","volume":"98","author":"Sercarz E. E.","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.5.897"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(70)90016-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02872703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.5.953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-46166-8_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000230257"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.126.6.1185"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.2.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.131.6.1093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/220927a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","first-page":"114","volume":"1","author":"Taylor R. B.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Transplantation Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4 O.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Transplantation Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3956.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/221567a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.103.3.505","volume":"103","author":"Nettesheim P.","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.67.3.1398"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feji.1830010602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eji.1830010602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T23:55:16Z","timestamp":1696636516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eji.1830010602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1971,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eji.1830010602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.1830010602","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2980","1521-4141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2980","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1971,1]]}}}