{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T07:01:46Z","timestamp":1770966106234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,22]],"date-time":"2005-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11770,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1973,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cyclophosphamide (CY)\u2010treated or surgically bursectomized, CY\u2010treated 3\u2010day old chicks were injected with bursa or bone marrow cells from donors of different ages. Cell recipients and donors were isogeneic at the major histocompatibility locus. Antibody responses to sheep red blood cells and <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>, and microscopic morphology of spleen and bursa were assessed 5\u20136 weeks after the cell transplantation. Relative weight of the bursa was found to be a reliable indicator of the restoration of bursal structure. The results indicate that stem cells or progenitor cells for the B cell line in chicken can be divided into a bursal stem cell and a postbursal stem cell. Both of these cell types are effective in restoring antibody formation of CY\u2010treated chickens.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Bursal stem cells<\/jats:italic> restore the bursal morphology; they are not capable of further maturation without the influence of the bursal microenvironment. This influence is not effected by bursa in a cell impermeable diffusion chamber; actual contact with the bursal stroma is necessary. Bursal stem cells are also capable of restoring the formation of germinal centers in the spleen of CY\u2010treated chickens. <jats:italic>Postbursal stem cells<\/jats:italic> do not restore bursal structure and they do not need the bursal micro\u2010environment for further maturation. They also have no clear effect on the formation of germinal centers in the spleen. Bursal stem cells are found in the bursa during the first few weeks after hatching. Postbursal stem cells start to appear in the involuting bursa and at the same time, in the bone marrow also. They are found as the majority of cells in the bursa and bone marrow after at least the 10th week following hatching. <jats:italic>Early postbursal stem cells<\/jats:italic> have already passed the education given by the bursa, but have not yet totally lost their capacity to induce germinal centers in the spleen. They restore germinal center formation even in surgically bursectomized recipients, demonstrating that presence of bursal follicles is not necessary for the production of germinal centers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The findings are discussed to stress the significance of two equally important factors in the development of immunity: the lymphoid cells themselves and, at each stage ontogeny, the proper microenvironment for their further function and maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830030912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,27]],"date-time":"2007-02-27T23:36:46Z","timestamp":1172619406000},"page":"585-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Bursal and postbursal stem cells in chicken. functional characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Toivanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Toivanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.136.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3042-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.109.5.1058","volume":"109","author":"Toivanen P.","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.109.5.1071","volume":"109","author":"Toivanen P.","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.136.4.816"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000230871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"467","volume-title":"Immunogenicity","author":"Warner N. L.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.105.3.614","volume":"105","author":"Lerman S. P.","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-197105000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000230590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0391097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-118-30070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02136452","volume":"23","author":"Jankovi\u0107 B. D.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.147.3663.1307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31382"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"769","volume":"26","author":"May J. D.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0460252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1967.tb00315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.101.4.799","volume":"101","author":"Dent P. B.","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-197101000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"627","volume":"19","author":"Edwards J.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-134-34923"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"107","volume":"23","author":"Ivanyi J.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0350843"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0390130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1965.64.4.470"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3192-6_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9011-8_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"1","volume":"129","author":"B\u00e4ck R.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Upsaliensis; Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000230650"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000230656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3192-6_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(72)90005-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3192-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9011-8_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9011-8_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio235118a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9011-8_34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3192-6_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.3.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.3.601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.135.2.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-057550-3.50013-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2151081a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1970.tb01443.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","volume-title":"Haemopoietic cells","author":"Metcalf D.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","first-page":"923","volume":"3","author":"Stutman O.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-057550-3.50081-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","first-page":"700","volume-title":"Progress in Immunology","author":"Good R. A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(71)90257-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","first-page":"3","volume":"9","author":"Bekkum D. W.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3042-4_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","unstructured":"Gatti R. A. Kersey J. Yunis E. J.andGood R. A. Progr. in Clin. Pathology in press."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feji.1830030912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eji.1830030912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T06:27:02Z","timestamp":1698906422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eji.1830030912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1973,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1973,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eji.1830030912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.1830030912","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2980","1521-4141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2980","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1973,9]]}}}