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There is an overall correlation between secondary cytotoxic T cell responses and cross\u2010protection. The most long\u2010lasting and successful cross\u2010protection was observed after intranasal infection with influenza virus A\/X31 (H3N2) that replicates efficiently in mice and induces high levels of memory for cross\u2010reactive cytotoxic T cell responses. Short\u2010lasting cross\u2010protection and low levels of T cell\u2010mediated cytotoxicity were associated with infection by A\/USSR (H 1N1) virus, that replicates to lower titers in mice, or after multiple injections of inactivated whole virus vaccine. No cross\u2010protection to challenge with heterologous influenza virus was detectable after 1\u20102 injections of HANA influenza subunit vaccine which failed to prime hosts for cytotoxic T cell responses. These findings may have important implications for vaccination strategy. If cytotoxic T cells play a role in the protection of humans from influenza, live attenuated vaccines should be considered instead of the currently recommended inactivated virus or subunit vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830100515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,28]],"date-time":"2007-02-28T12:54:18Z","timestamp":1172667258000},"page":"396-401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Cross\u2010protection and cross\u2010reactive cytotoxic T cells induced by influenza virus vaccines in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte A.","family":"Askonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"373","volume-title":"The Influenzu Viruses and Influenza","author":"Schulman J. 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