{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T23:10:23Z","timestamp":1738365023798,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1221177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4638,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans Emerging Tel Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>SDH networks require synchronous clocking in order to minimize network wander and jitter. In practice, the clocks in SDH networks are not ideal and thus are not all perfectly synchronous. The operation of SDH networks with non\u2010ideal clocks results in undesirable wander and jitter effects. Two different philosophies are being used to minimize these undesirable synchronization effects in SDH networks. In Europe, where it is difficult to tighten clock specifications due to the multinational synchronization environment, desynchronizer designs are made more robust. In North America, where Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is used, the specifications of both the clocks and the synchronization distribution are being tightened. Even with these different approaches, non\u2010ideal synchronization effects still exist in SDH networks. In particular, the STM\u2010N. AU, and TU overhead bytes cause gapped pointer effects when traditional fixed threshold pointer processors are used. Another type of pointer processor, a uniform pointer processor, can remove the gapped pointer effects caused by the STM\u2010N, AU, and TU overhead bytes. Additionally, a compensating desynchronizer may be used to remove the gapped effects caused by the VC overhead bytes. If these gapped effects are not removed. then they cause jitter and wander in a reconstructed PDH signal. This paper focuses on the case where the SDH network clocks have fixed frequency offsets. An El\u2010rate (2048 kbit\/s) payload, which is transported over a network consisting of SDH and PDH islands, is used to show the effects of this non\u2010ideal clocking in SDH networks. In theory, clock frequency differences in SDH networks are accommodated by the pointer processor mechanism without slips (i.e. losing or repeating data). In practice, non\u2010ideal synchronization may still cause slips.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4460070106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T11:41:15Z","timestamp":1221219675000},"page":"49-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of fixed frequency clock offsets in synchronous digital hierarchy networks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Sholander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris B.","family":"Autry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry L.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"ITU Recommendation G.709:Synchronous multiplexing structure. Geneva March1993."},{"volume-title":"Jitter in digital transmission systems","year":"1989","author":"Trischitta P. R.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4460060114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"ITU Recommendation G.811:Timing requirements at the outputs of primary reference clocks suitable for plesiochronous operation of international digital lines. Melbourne.1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","unstructured":"D.Wolaver Pointer adjustment sequence due to frequency off Set. TlXl.3\/92\u2013149."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"H.Ford DraB supplement to the SONET jitter at network interfaces. ANSITl. 105.03\u20131994 TlXl.3\/94\u2013001R2 March1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"P.Sholander H.Owen Mapping wander in SONET\/SDH fixed threshold and uniform pointer processors. Globecom '95."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","unstructured":"P.Sholander Characterization and minimization of jitter and wander in SDH network. Doctoral Thesis Georgia Institute of Technology March1995."},{"volume-title":"Transmission networking: SONET and the synchronous digital hierarchy","year":"1992","author":"Sexton M.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","unstructured":"A technical report on the effects of SONET on jitter wander and synchronization. TlXl.6 Draft 5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"W.Johnson R.Brown A new sonet pointer simulator. TlXl.3\/91\u2013023."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","unstructured":"B.Powell D.O'Connell C.Ravenell T.Onofrio R.Cubbage Multiple SONET islands jitter simulation results. TlXl.3\/91\u2013092R1 July24 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"B.Powell T.Onofrio SONET islands DSI pointer simulation results and payload jitter discussion. TlXl.3\/92\u2013103 August 14 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","unstructured":"K\u2010YJung A synchronization network simulator based on the ptolemy simulation environment. Some initial results of the MTBP of a 10\u2010node SONET island. TlXl.3\/94\u2013040."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.Gamer Total phase accumulation in a network of VT islands: results based on real clock data. TlXl.3\/94\u2013044. April 8 1994.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635579410068284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"B.Powell Additional DSI mapping jitter and wander simulation results with cascadedM12 & VT\u2010DSI SONET islands. TlXl.3\/94\u2013051 April 11 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","unstructured":"R.Nunn Effect on wander of phase dithering in SONET DSI desynchronizer. TlXl.3\/94\u2013047 April1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Owen Combinatorial effects of bit and byte justification in SDH networks. IPCCC '94. pp.372\u2013376 April1994.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCC.1994.504140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-3664(93)90052-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Owen T.Klett Synchronous digital hierarchy network pointer simulation. \u201cComputer Networks and ISDN Systems\u201d 1994. p.481\u2013491.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7552(94)90063-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Sholander H.Owen Simulation model for analysis of synchronous digital hierarchy network payload jitter. MASCOTS 95 January1995.","DOI":"10.1177\/003754979506400105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"ITU Recommendation (3.823 (Revised):The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the 2048 kbit\/s hierarchy. Geneva January1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","unstructured":"D.Wolaver Proposed ITU contribution regarding jitter filter specifications. TlXl.3194\u2013102 October 6 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"ITU Revised Recommendation (3.783:Characteristics of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) multiplexing equipment functional blocks. COM XV\u2010R 110\u2010E Geneva May1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Sholandcr H.Owen Methodology and results of synchronous digital hierarchy network payload jitter simulation. 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