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We give the main parameters of these codes, and by means of examples, show that under the same conditions the latter outperforms the former with respect to minimum code distance. We also heuristically describe the generalized concatenated decoding procedure. Then we show how the generalized concatenated coding ideas can be applied to encoded memoryless modulation. Such construction is often referred to as a multilevel code in literature. We consider the multilevel codes from the standpoint of generalized concatenated codes and with the help of a simple example, show how encoding and decoding procedures can be carried out. Ordinary concatenated and generalized concatenated coding schemes are considered next, using inner convolutional codes or inner modulation with memory. With the help of examples, we analyze the distance properties of such constructions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4460100606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T13:52:18Z","timestamp":1221227538000},"page":"609-622","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["An Introduction to Generalized Concatenated Codes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Zyablov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergo","family":"Shavgulidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bossert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Concatenated Codes","author":"Forney G. 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