{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:11:19Z","timestamp":1765887079163,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1221177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2446,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans Emerging Tel Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyze the evolution of the global Internet interdomain routing system on AS, prefix and IP address level granularities, using snapshots of Route Views BGP tables from 1997 to 2001. We introduce the notion of<jats:italic>semiglob\u2010ally routed prefixes<\/jats:italic>, those present in the majority of backbone tables, and classify them into<jats:italic>standalone \u2010<\/jats:italic>those which have no subsets, no supersets;<jats:italic>root<\/jats:italic>\u2014 have subsets, but no supersets; and<jats:italic>subset, or more specific<\/jats:italic>, which are subsets of other blocks. Using these distinctions we find that from 1999 to 2001 many measures of routing system complexity demonstrated stability in the form of slow growth, dynamic equilibrium, and occasional contraction. We find that many net change measures reflect contributions of opposite sign, and that true measure of variation, or chum, is the sum of their absolute magnitudes rather than the difference. Appearance and disappearance of prefixes, ASes and Route Views peers, as well as status changes (an AS changing from transit to non\u2010transit, or a prefix shifting from a standalone prefix to a root prefix) are instances of routing system<jats:italic>churn.<\/jats:italic>One advantage of using our notion of semiglobal prefixes is that they exhibit less chum than global prefixes (those prefixes common to all backbone tables) and as such allow for derivation of more robust macroscopic statistics about the routing system. We study route prefix instability at a medium time granularity for late 2001 using 2\u2010hour snapshots of BGP tables, and find that half of all prefix reannouncements<jats:italic>(flips)<\/jats:italic>are contributed by 1% of all ASes, with government networks, telecoms in developing countries and major backbone ISPs at the top of the list of instability contributors. Small ASes (those who originate only a few prefixes into the global routing system) do not contribute more than their fair share of either route entries or churn to the global routing system. We conclude that during 1999\u20102001 many Internet metrics were stable, and that the routing system's growth and instability are mostly caused by large and medium\u2010sized ISPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4460130105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T15:11:32Z","timestamp":1221232292000},"page":"33-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Internet expansion, refinement and churn"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andre","family":"Broido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Evi","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kc","family":"Claffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.RekhterandT.Li A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP\u20104) RFC1771. Mar1995.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1771"},{"volume-title":"BGP4: Inter\u2010Domain Routing in the Internet","year":"1999","author":"Stewart John W.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume":"4","author":"Huston G.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Analyzing the Internet's BGP Routing Table."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"B.Huffaker A.Broido K.Claffy M.Fomenkov K.Keys E.Lagache andD.Moore. Skitter AS Internet Graph Oct2000 http:\/\/www.caida.org\/analysis\/topology\/as_core_network\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","unstructured":"D.Meyer Universtiy of Oregon Route\u2010Views Project.2001 http:\/\/www.antc.uoregon.edu\/route\u2010views\/ISMAOO"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"Nlanr measurement and operations analysis team (moat)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"S.McCreary BGP Core Routing Table Size.2000 http:\/\/www.routeviews.org\/dynamics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","unstructured":"J.Rexford R.Bush andS.Bellovin Some Initial Measurements of Prefix Length Philtres Presentation at NANOG.Scottsdale AZ May 21 2001 http:\/\/research.att.com\/\u223cjrex\/nanog\/lost.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","unstructured":"A.Broido Multiorigin prefixes in backbone BGP tables http:\/\/www.caida.org\/\u223cbroido\/bgp\/multiorigin.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Rekhter B.Moskowitz D.Karrenbcrg G. J.de Groot andE.Lear Address Allocation for Private Internets RFC1918. February1996.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.BroidoandK.Claffy Internet Topology: connectivity of IP graphs. InSPIE conference on Scalability and Traffic Control in IP Networks Aug2001 http:\/\/spie.org\/Conferences\/Progratns\/01\/itcom\/confs\/4526.html","DOI":"10.1117\/12.434393"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Huffaker D. J.Plummer D.Moore andK.Claffy Distance Metrics in the Internet February 2002 SAINT2002 Workshop: Measurement Technologyfor the Internet Applications Tokyo Japan to appear.","DOI":"10.14209\/its.2002.603"},{"volume-title":"The mathematical theory of communication","year":"1949","author":"Shannon Claude","key":"e_1_2_1_14_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.Labovitz R.Malan andF.Jahanian Internet Routing Stability. 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