{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:35:02Z","timestamp":1760297702057},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,22]],"date-time":"2006-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genetic Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For investigating haplotype\u2010environment interactions in case\u2010control studies, one can implement statistical methods based either on a retrospective likelihood (modeling the probability of haplotype and environment conditional on disease status) or a prospective likelihood (modeling the probability of disease status conditional on haplotype and environment). Retrospective approaches are generally more powerful than prospective approaches, but require an explicit model of the joint distribution of haplotype and environmental factors in the sample with the latter being particularly unattractive to specify. To resolve this issue, we propose a number of simple retrospective procedures for haplotype\u2010environment interaction analysis that do not require explicit modeling of environmental covariates in the sample. We first consider a cases\u2010only procedure, followed by a simple likelihood for case\u2010control data that is proportional to the full\u2010retrospective likelihood. Finally, we consider a retrospective procedure for inference on haplotype\u2010environment interaction effects in matched or finely\u2010stratified case\u2010control studies. Our methods are based on the assumptions that haplotypes and environmental covariates are independent in the target population and that disease is rare. We illustrate our approaches using case\u2010control data from the Finland\u2010United States Investigation of Non\u2010Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (FUSION) genetic study and simulated data. <jats:italic>Genet. Epidemiol.<\/jats:italic> \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,22]],"date-time":"2006-11-22T21:49:59Z","timestamp":1164232199000},"page":"75-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Simple methods for assessing haplotype\u2010environment interactions in case\u2010only and case\u2010control 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