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Breath holding may therefore need to be considered specifically when interpreting fMRI experiments. We studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of cerebral T2*\u2010weighted signal during short periods of breath holding by seven individuals in a 3\u2010tesla MR scanner. We demonstrate that breath\u2010holds as short as 3 s can result in regions of significant cerebral activation. More interestingly, we show that focal activation remains present when the data is analysed in a number of different ways, including analyses that correct for motion and model the task epoch as if it were 10 times longer than the actual breath\u2010hold length. These findings have potential relevance for many researchers carrying out fMRI studies. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:284\u2013290, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,27]],"date-time":"2005-01-27T23:48:06Z","timestamp":1106869686000},"page":"284-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Brief breath holding may confound functional magnetic resonance imaging studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"David F.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helen I.","family":"Opdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Regula S.","family":"Briellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Graeme D.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(01)91402-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.5.1553","article-title":"Effects of the Valsalva maneuver on blood flow in the thoracic aorta in man","volume":"21","author":"Fox IJ","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"528","volume-title":"Human brain function","author":"Frackowiak RSJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.12.2641"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(02)00595-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00417-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.5.668"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.4.958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(88)90028-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(02)00563-5"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhbm.20086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.20086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T15:03:42Z","timestamp":1697468622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.20086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,27]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.20086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.20086","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,27]]}}}