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Modern frameless stereotaxic systems allow investigators to base navigation either on the subject's structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI data, or the use of functional neuroimaging data from the literature, so\u2010called \u201cprobabilistic approach.\u201d The latter assumes consistency across individuals in the location of task\u2010related \u201cactivations\u201d in standardized stereotaxic space. Conventional nonstereotaxic localization of brain areas is also a common method for defining the coil position. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of five different localization strategies in one single study. The left primary motor cortex (left M1\u2010Hand) was used as target region. Three approaches were based on real\u2010time frameless stereotaxy using information based on either anatomical or functional MRI. The remaining two strategies relied either on standard cranial landmarks (i.e., the International 10\u201320 EEG system) or a standardized function\u2010guided procedure (i.e., the spatial relationship between the left and right M1\u2010Hand). The results were compared to a TMS\u2010based mapping of the primary motor cortex; center of gravity of motor\u2010evoked potentials (MEP\u2010CoG) was calculated for each subject (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10). Our findings suggest that highest precision can be achieved with fMRI\u2010guided stimulation, which was accurate within the range of millimeters. Very consistent results were also obtained with the \u201cprobabilistic\u201d approach. In view of these findings, we discuss the methods and special characteristics of each localization strategy. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]],"date-time":"2007-02-23T00:19:56Z","timestamp":1172189996000},"page":"82-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the challenge of coil placement: A comparison of conventional and stereotaxic neuronavigational strategies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Sparing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Buelte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ingo G.","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Pau\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gereon 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