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However, the precise temporal landscape of their electrophysiological interactions in humans remains unknown because it is not possible to record neural activity from the nucleus accumbens using noninvasive techniques. We recorded electrophysiological activity simultaneously from the nucleus accumbens and cortex (via surface EEG) in humans who had electrodes implanted as part of deep\u2010brain\u2010stimulation treatment for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Patients performed a simple reward motivation task previously shown to activate the ventral striatum. Spectral Granger causality analyses were applied to dissociate \u201ctop\u2013down\u201d (cortex \u2192 nucleus accumbens)\u2010 from \u201cbottom\u2013up\u201d (nucleus accumbens \u2192 cortex)\u2010directed synchronization (functional connectivity). \u201cTop\u2013down\u201d\u2010directed synchrony from cortex to nucleus accumbens was maximal over medial frontal sites and was significantly stronger when rewards were anticipated. These findings provide direct electrophysiological evidence for a role of the MFC in modulating nucleus accumbens reward\u2010related processing and may be relevant to understanding the mechanisms of deep\u2010brain stimulation and its beneficial effects on psychiatric conditions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,5]],"date-time":"2011-05-05T18:24:30Z","timestamp":1304619870000},"page":"246-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Top\u2013down\u2010directed synchrony from medial frontal cortex to nucleus accumbens during reward anticipation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Michael X","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lo","family":"Bour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariska","family":"Mantione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Figee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthijs","family":"Vink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marina A.J.","family":"Tijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Fleur 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