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In particular, a specific and central role in contextual fear conditioning has been attributed to mechanisms mediated by dorsal hippocampal N\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>\u2010aspartate (NMDA)\u2010type glutamate receptors. The present study characterized the effects of blockade or tonic stimulation of dorsal hippocampal NMDA receptors by bilateral local infusion of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK\u2010801 (dizocilpine maleate; 6.25\u03bcg\/side) or of NMDA (0.7\u03bcg\/side), respectively, on classical fear conditioning to tone and context in Wistar rats. Freezing was used to measure conditioned fear. Regardless of whether conditioning was conducted with tone\u2010shock pairings or unsignaled footshocks (background or foreground contextual conditioning), both NMDA and MK\u2010801 infusion before conditioning resulted in reduced freezing during subsequent exposure to the conditioning context. Freezing during subsequent tone presentation in a new context, normally resulting from conditioning with tone\u2010shock pairings, was not impaired by MK\u2010801 but was strongly reduced by NMDA infusion before conditioning; this freezing was also reduced by NMDA infusion before tone presentation (in an experiment involving NMDA infusions before conditioning and subsequent tone presentation to assess the role of state\u2010dependent learning). It was assessed whether unspecific infusion effects (altered sensorimotor functions, state dependency) or infusion\u2010induced dorsal hippocampal damage contributed to the observed reductions in conditioned freezing. Our data suggest that formation of fear conditioning to context, but not tone, requires NMDA receptor\u2010mediated mechanisms in the dorsal hippocampus. As indicated by the effects of NMDA, some dorsal hippocampal processes may also contribute to fear conditioning to tone. The role of the dorsal hippocampus and local NMDA receptor\u2010mediated processes in fear conditioning to tone and context is discussed in comparison with ventral hippocampal processes. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.10115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,26]],"date-time":"2003-08-26T15:24:55Z","timestamp":1061911495000},"page":"657-675","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Dorsal hippocampus and classical fear conditioning to tone and context in rats: Effects of local NMDA\u2010receptor blockade and 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