{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T04:36:18Z","timestamp":1772858178261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11813,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1974,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of a hospital\u2010based case\u2010control study of oesophageal cancer among Singapore Chinese (composed of Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew and other dialect groups) revealed the following statistically significant risk factors for both sexes: (I) belonging to either Hokkien or Teochew dialect groups; (2) the consumption of beverages at temperatures stated subjectively to be \u201cburning hot\u201d prior to illness; and (3) the smoking of Chinese cigarettes. Additional risk factors for males were birth in China and the consumption of Samsu (Chinese wine). Consumption of bread, potatoes and bananas was reported at significantly lower levels in male oesophagus cancer patients than in controls. Oesophageal cancer was less common in males who had attended school for more than 8 years. Multivariate analysis (examination of the joint influence of selected variables) confirmed the strong effects of dialect group and beverage temperature for both sexes. For females the smoking of Chinese cigarettes remained a risk factor, for males the consumption of Samsu. The smoking of westerntype cigarettes and the consumption of strong liquors were not significantly related for either sex. These findings suggest that oesophageal cancer is more likely to occur among \u201ctraditional\u201d Chinese who maintain dietary patterns which include Samsu and the drinking of beverages at hot temperatures, but avoid the bland foodstuffs (bread, potatoes and bananas) not native to their culture. The greater risk in Teochew and Hokkien may be due in part to the consumption of a greater number of beverages at \u201cburning hot\u201d temperatures compared with Cantonese and other dialect groups. However, these differences are based on subjective impressions which need to be verified by actual measurements of the temperature of drinks consumed by members of these population groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910130304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T14:03:19Z","timestamp":1171893799000},"page":"291-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Aetiological factors in oesophageal cancer in Singapore Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"U. W.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Breslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Ewe","family":"Goh Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sridharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Shanmugaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Report on the census of population 1970","author":"Arumainathan P.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Oesophageal cancer in the Bantu","volume":"31","author":"Burrell R. J. W.","year":"1957","journal-title":"S. A. Tydskrift v. Geneesk."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"On the incidence of gastric carcinoma in Denmark and some other countries","volume":"17","author":"Clemmesen J.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Un. int. Cancr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"662","article-title":"Carcinoma of the esophagus. A statistical study of forty three cases","volume":"67","author":"Cheng P. C. L.","year":"1949","journal-title":"Chinese med. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1971.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(60)90016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"The analysis of binary data","author":"Cox D. R.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Department of statistics Data on Chinese in Singapore in1970 by dialect group sex and 5\u2010year age group (Personal communication1972)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/24.3.589","article-title":"Cancer incidence in the Bantu and \u201cCape colored\u201d races of South Africa: Report of a cancer survey in the Transvaal (1953\u20131955)","volume":"24","author":"Higginson J.","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.13.1.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4024.846"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Carcinoma of the \u0153sophagus. A statistical study","volume":"52","author":"Kwan K. W.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Chinese med. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Selected papers on cancer research, presented by the Chinese Delegation at the Eighth International Congress Moscow","author":"Li K. H.","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"394","article-title":"Carcinoma of the \u0153sophagus and cardia of stomach. A study of 160 cases","volume":"73","author":"Liu Y.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Chinese med. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"719","article-title":"Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease","volume":"22","author":"Mantel N.","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Factors associated with cancer of the \u0153sophagus, mouth and pharynx in Puerto Rico","volume":"42","author":"Martinez I.","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Merkov A. M. Tserkovni G. F. andKaufman B. D. Morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms in the USSR. J. G. Dean (English ed.) Pitman London (1963)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"705","article-title":"Carcinoma of the \u0153sophagus\u2014a study of 103 cases. Part 1","volume":"25","author":"Mohan Kumar K.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Indian J. med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1665","article-title":"On the etiology of esophageal carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Mosbech J.","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196802)21:2<279::AID-CNCR2820210218>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4922.1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Cancer mortality for selected sites in 24 countries","author":"Segi M.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Certain mortality patterns of \u0153sophageal cancer in the United States, 1930\u201367","volume":"46","author":"Schoenberg B. S.","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"336","article-title":"Recherche des localisations du cancer associ\u00e9es aux facteurs tabac et alcool chez l'homme","volume":"44","author":"Schwartz D.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication No. 7","volume-title":"Host\u2010environment interactions in the aetiology of cancer in man\u2014implementation in research","author":"Shanmugaratnam K.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(73)90102-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195605\/06)9:3<436::AID-CNCR2820090303>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1970.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910050120"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Cancer incident in five continents","author":"UICC.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195112000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196103\/04)14:2<389::AID-CNCR2820140220>3.0.CO;2-E"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijc.2910130304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.2910130304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T09:28:32Z","timestamp":1699781312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.2910130304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1974,3,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1974,3,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.2910130304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.2910130304","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1974,3,15]]}}}