{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:33:57Z","timestamp":1778823237004,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1129766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5893,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Imaging Syst Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An iterative EM reconstruction algorithm for single photon emission computed tomography is implemented for cone beam geometry that uses a ray\u2010driven projector\u2010backprojector. The cone beam projector\u2010backprojector models the attenuated Radon transform of a source distributed within an attenuator as line integrals of discrete voxels representing the source and attenuation distributions. The attenuation coefficient distribution for each voxel is assumed to be equal to the average value over a cubical region, and the integral of the source concentration through each voxel is obtained by interpolating between the source values at eight neighboring voxels. The calculation of the attenuation factors requires a specification of the attenuation distribution, estimated either from an assumed constant distribution with an estimated body outline or from transmission measurements. The distribution of attenuation coefficients is stored in memory, and the attenuation factors are calculated for each voxel during the projection and backprojection operations instead of using precalculated values. Computer simulations of half\u2010scan and full\u2010scan reconstructions show that the algorithm is able to compensate for attentuation and to suppress the propagation of artifacts that can result with limited angular sampling. The simulations verify that the algorithm has important application to cardiac SPECT imaging; because of variable attentuation through the thorax, it is necessary to use an iterative algorithm with an attenuation map in order to quantify radiopharmaceutical distributions in the heart.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.1850010207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:33:48Z","timestamp":1173134028000},"page":"169-186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An iterative reconstruction algorithm for single photon emission computed tomography with cone beam geometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Grant T.","family":"Gullberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gengsheng L.","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M. W.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Hagius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595854"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"930","article-title":"An astigmatic collimator for high sensitivity SPECT of the brain","volume":"27","author":"Hawman E. G.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"1398","article-title":"SPECT using a specially designed cone beam collimator","volume":"29","author":"Jaszczak R. J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/23.12804"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1979.4329698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"810","article-title":"Design and clinical utility of a fan beam collimator for SPECT imaging of the head","volume":"27","author":"Tsui B. M. W.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"G. T.Gullberg G. L.Zeng P. E.Christian B. M. W.TsuiandH. T.Morgan \u201cSingle photon emission computed tomography of the heart using cone beam geometry and noncircular detector rotation \u201d in Information Processing in Medical Imaging XIth IPMI International Conference Berkeley CA June 19\u2013231989in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"194","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing","author":"Altschuler M. D.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1978.11162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1979.4330511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1979.4330556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4825(79)90020-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1979.4330200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02222468"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198212000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0143035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4825(83)80001-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.1.000612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.1985.4307689"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1985.4333644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0145039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1986.4337154"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-663-01409-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.1987.4307799"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"An attenuated projector\u2010backprojector for iterative SPECT reconstruction with cone beam geometry","volume":"26","author":"Gullberg G. T.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1987.4337351"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"786","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional cone beam reconstruction using iterative maximum likelihood method","volume":"29","author":"Hagius J. T.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/23.34615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"1092","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE Medical Imaging III Conference","author":"Hu H.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","unstructured":"R. M.LeahyandX.Yan \u201cDerivation and analysis of a filtered backprojection algorithm for cone beam projection data \u201d submitted."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","first-page":"312","article-title":"Theory of three dimensional reconstruction. I. Conditions for a complete set of projections","volume":"20","author":"Orlov S. S.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Soviet Phys. Crystallogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","first-page":"429","article-title":"Theory of three\u2010dimensional reconstruction. II. The recovery operator","volume":"20","author":"Orlov S. S.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Soviet Phys. Crystallogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1979.4330539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1980.4330867"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.71.000582"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1981.4331163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-247X(81)90126-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0143028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. L.ZengandG. T.Gullberg \u201cA study of reconstruction artifacts in cone beam tomography using filtered backprojection and iterative EM algorithms \u201dIEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 1990 in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/23.106711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/33\/5\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Reconstruction Tomography in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine","author":"Budinger T. F.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","first-page":"540","article-title":"First order corrections for absorption and resolution compensation in radionuclide Fourier tomography","volume":"16","author":"Kay D. B.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-09417-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","first-page":"196","article-title":"Quantitative section scanning using orthogonal tangent correction","volume":"14","author":"Kuhl D. E.","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1978.4329385"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1974.6499234"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1976.4309482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1979.1163232"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. T.Gullberg \u201cThe attenuated radon transform: Theory and application in medicine and biology \u201d PhD Dissertation University of California Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL\u20107486 1979.","DOI":"10.2172\/5975580"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/24\/6\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0139029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1981.324787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198102000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","first-page":"706","article-title":"Quantitative multi\u2010detector emission computerized tomography using iterative attenuation compensation","volume":"23","author":"Moore S. C.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198308000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1983.4332345","article-title":"An ECAT reconstruction method which corrects for attenuation and detector response","volume":"30","author":"O Y.\u2010L.","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/30\/8\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","first-page":"84","article-title":"Application of attenuation correction to clinical data","volume":"23","author":"Gullberg G. T.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_3","unstructured":"GE Publication No. 5408 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Attenuation compensation in single\u2010photon emission tomography: A comparative evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Lewis M. H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/28\/9\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1984.4333310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","first-page":"701","article-title":"SPECT liver imaging using an iterative attenuation correction algorithm and an external flood source","volume":"27","author":"Malko J. A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1987.4337355"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/23.12831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","first-page":"497","article-title":"Correction of nonuniform attenuation in cardiac SPECT imaging","volume":"30","author":"Tsui B. M. W.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","volume-title":"Users Manual\u2014Donner Algorithms for Reconstruction Tomography","author":"Huesman R. H.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Emission Computed Tomography: Current Trends","author":"Gullberg G. T.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","first-page":"815","article-title":"Determination of the pleural edge by gamma\u2010ray transmission computed tomography","volume":"22","author":"Maeda H.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.1982.4307558"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","first-page":"306","article-title":"EM reconstruction algorithms for emission and transmission tomography","volume":"8","author":"Lang K.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Comp. Assit. Tomogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. M. W.TsuiandG. T.Gullberg \u201cThe geometric transfer function for cone beam and fan beam collimators \u201dPhys. Med. Biol. in press 1989.","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/35\/1\/008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. T.Gullberg B. M. W.Tsui C. R.Crawford J. G.BallardandJ. T.Hagius \u201cEstimation of geometric parameters and collimator evaluation for cone beam tomography \u201dMed. Phys. in press 1989.","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596505"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fima.1850010207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ima.1850010207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T02:50:37Z","timestamp":1697943037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ima.1850010207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ima.1850010207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ima.1850010207","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9457","1098-1098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9457","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-1098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}}}