{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:09:06Z","timestamp":1760954946931,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1129766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5893,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Imaging Syst Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An image reconstruction algorithm is supposed to present an image that contains medically relevant information that exists in a cross section of the human body. There is an enormous variety of such algorithms. The question arises: Given a specific medical problem, what is the relative merit of two image reconstruction algorithms in presenting images that are helpful for solving the problem? An approach to answering this question with a high degree of confidence is that of ROC analysis of human observer performance. The problem with ROC studies using human observers is their complexity (and, hence, cost). To overcome this problem, it has been suggested to replace the human observer by a numerical observer. An even simpler approach is by the use of distance metrics, such as the root mean squared distance, between the reconstructed images and the known originals. For any of these approaches, the evaluation should be done using a sample set that is large enough to provide us with a statistically significant result.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We concentrate in this paper on the numerical observer approach, and we reintroduce in this framework the notion of the Hotelling Trace Criterion, which has recently been proposed as an appropriate evaluator of imaging systems. We propose a definite strategy (based on linear abnormality\u2010index functions that are optimal for the chosen figure of merit) for evaluating image reconstruction algorithms. We give details of two experimental studies that embody the espoused principles. Since ROC analysis of human observer performance is the ultimate yardstick for system assessment, one justifies a numerical observer approach by showing that it yields \u201csimilar\u201d results to a human observer study. Also, since simple distance metrics are computationally less cumbersome than are numerical observer studies, one would like to replace the latter by the former, whenever it is likely to give \u201csimilar\u201d results. We discuss approaches to assigning a numerical value to the \u201csimilarity\u201d of the results produced by two different evaluators. We introduce a new concept, called rank\u2010ordering nearness, which seems to provide us with a promising approach to experimentally determining the similarity of two evaluators of image reconstruction algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.1850010208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:33:48Z","timestamp":1173134028000},"page":"187-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluators of image reconstruction algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Gabor T.","family":"Herman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. T. Daniel","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Image Reconstruction from Projections: The Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography","year":"1980","author":"Herman G. T.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_2"},{"volume-title":"Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics","year":"1966","author":"Green D. M.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.968649"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.3.000717"},{"volume-title":"Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition","year":"1972","author":"Fukunaga K.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.000945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"892","article-title":"The use of the Hotelling trace to optimize collimator performance","volume":"30","author":"White T. A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.Harth T.KalogeropoulosandA. S.Pandya \u201cA universal optimization network \u201d in Proc. Spec. Symp. Maturing Technologies and Emerging Horizons in Biomed. Eng. 1988 pp.97\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1109\/MTEHBE.1988.26407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(69)90019-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.7788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-09417-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.953273"},{"volume-title":"The Formation, Handling and Evaluation of Medical Images","author":"Herman G. T.","key":"e_1_2_1_14_2"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fima.1850010208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ima.1850010208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T16:19:21Z","timestamp":1736871561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ima.1850010208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ima.1850010208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ima.1850010208","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9457","1098-1098"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0899-9457"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-1098"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}}}